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White certificates and competitionVotre recherche donne 153 résultats Revue Droit et Économie
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Tradable certificates are a good tool to promote economic activities when they increase the social surplus. White certificates are counterproductive, because although they encourage activities aimed at reducing energy consumption, these activities are “credence goods,” i.e., goods whose real (...)
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Can data exploitation be properly addressed by competition law? A note of cautionIn this brief piece of caution, we argue that competition law is not well-suited for dealing with exploitative data practices. As consumers usually act as if they did not value their privacy, legal remedies that neglect what social scientists call “the privacy paradox” are unlikely to improve the (...) -
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Privacy and competition law: Is there a room for private enforcement?Despite the hurdles in applying private enforcement in competition policy cases dealing with data-driven markets, we argue that its application can be welfare enhancing under insufficient deterrence from the public authorities. This paper identifies the issues and provides solutions to promote (...) -
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Labor monopsony and European competition lawRecent economic research indicates that labor markets tend to be highly concentrated, and that employers use mergers, no-poaching agreements, and related collusive behavior to further concentrate labor markets and exploit labor market power at the expense of workers. In the United States, this (...) -
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Outstanding relevance across markets: A new concept of market power?The ministerial proposal for a 10th amendment of the German competition law particularly addresses abuse control and seeks to tighten this pillar of competition policy against the background of the challenges from the digital economy. Next to extending the classic policy instruments of abuse (...) -
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Measuring unilateral effects under data scarcity: A merger case in South AfricaIn this paper, we use a differentiated-products setup to assess the impact on competition of a merger between Greif and Rheem South Africa. Both parties are active in the industrial packaging products sector. The parties’ activities overlap, among others, in the production of large steel drums. (...) -
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Constructing a conventional antitrust case against GoogleBecause services offered by some of the so-called “FAANG” big-tech firms—Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Google—are free, many believe we need a basis other than the “consumer welfare” standard in antitrust. At least with respect to Google, this conflict is false. Having a “zero price” for (...) -
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On the law and economics of public interest defense for cartelsThe paper briefly reviews the way in which public interest considerations are currently recognized in cartel cases, before discussing the opportunity and feasibility of so doing based on the findings of economic analysis. The paper argues that the conclusions reached so far by the existing (...) -
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Digital conglomerates and killer acquisitions: A discussion of the competitive effects of start-up acquisitions by digital platformsDigital platforms are growingly suspected to acquire promising start-up companies to “kill” future competition (the “killer acquisition” concern) and/or extend their domination by acquiring complementary services in neighbouring markets resulting in marginalisation of rivals and higher barriers to (...) -
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Passing on of cartel overcharges: Why is it so difficult to formulate robust predictions?We introduce the reader to three stylized scenarios often referred to by practitioners when asked about the share of a cartel overcharge that was passed on from direct to indirect suppliers. We show how sensitive such predictions are with respect to many of the underlying assumptions. Even (...) -
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Competition policy and genderThis paper calls attention to the opportunity for competition authorities to contribute to the fight for gender equality. We also argue that adopting a gender lens can be helpful in achieving the efficiency-based objectives of competition authorities. We conclude by providing a menu of options (...) -
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Cartel damages actions in Europe: How courts have assessed cartel overcharges (2019 ed.)In its fourth edition, this study shows that national courts in Europe have handed down judgments in at least 239 cartel damages actions. These cases come from 13 countries, and they relate to more than 63 cartels. In these judgments, courts have given many insights on how to assess cartel (...) -
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An economic approach to antitrust analysis of discriminatory licensing, grantbacks and cross-licenses, no-challenge clauses, and patent thicketsAntitrust enforcement involving intellectual property rights - particularly standard-essential patents - continues to receive significant global attention, including most recently by OECD member countries at the June 2019 OECD Competition Committee meetings. This Article provides an economic (...) -
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Guiding principles in setting cartel sanctionsWe discuss various theoretical and empirical hurdles that antitrust authorities and courts must overcome to determine appropriate cartel sanctions, namely regarding the probability of detection, cartel dynamics, cartel duration, and cartel overcharge. I. Introduction 1. Many antitrust (...) -
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A practical review of methods to estimate overcharges using linear regressionArguably the most widely used techniques for estimating price overcharges from competition law infringements are the dummy variable and the forecasting approaches using linear regression analysis. While rarely used in practice, in this note we make use of the fully interacted dummy variable (...) -
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La place des économistes dans les organes d’application du droit de la concurrence – Retour sur un malaise existentielDepuis l’émergence d’une réglementation dédiée à la régulation des marchés et la constitution d’institutions administratives et juridictionnelles spécialisées pour sa mise en œuvre, se pose la question du rôle de la science économique dans son application. Construit aux Etats-Unis, le modèle qui associe (...) -
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Treatment of innovation and other non-price factors in merger review (2017–2018)Non-price effects, just as price-effects, form an integral and important part of the Commission’s merger analysis in markets characterised by non-price forms of competition. With the increasing importance of digital economy and innovation in general, it is likely that they will gain even more (...) -
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How to measure the direct benefits of competition policy interventions?This article has been nominated for the 2018 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. Over the recent period, the number of competition authorities estimating the direct customer benefits of their interventions has increased. The estimation (...) -
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Cartel damages actions in Europe: How courts have assessed cartel overcharges (2018 ed.)In its third edition, this study reveals that courts in Europe have handed down judgments in at least 144 cartel damages actions. These cases come from 13 countries, and they follow more than 53 cartels. In these judgments, courts have given many insights on how to assess cartel overcharges. (...) -
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Impact on industry innovation of a merger between close competitorsThe European Commission’s recent Dow/DuPont merger decision has reignited the debate regarding the impact of horizontal mergers on industry innovation. In this article we summarize recent empirical findings on the effect of mergers on industry and rivals’ innovation and we conduct an ex-post (...) -
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La distribution sélective après l’arrêt Coty : Éclaircissements et zones d’ombreCet article met en perspective l’arrêt Coty, en mobilisant à la fois une analyse juridique et économique. Nous montrons tout d’abord que l’arrêt Coty a le mérite de clarifier la grille d’analyse, quelque peu oubliée, de la conformité au droit des ententes des réseaux de distribution sélective. Il met en (...) -
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Une évaluation expérimentale des dispositifs de lutte contre les cartelsCet article propose une approche expérimentale de l’efficacité des dispositifs de lutte contre les cartels, lesquels résultent de décisions individuelles de s’engager dans ces pratiques d’ententes anticoncurrentielles. Nos expériences comparent les propensions individuelles à former des cartels dans (...) -
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The relevance of supply-side substitutability for “Big data”This paper emphasizes the importance of including supply-side substitution when assessing mergers in data-driven markets. A review of three merger decisions involving big data giants such as Facebook and Google reveals that competition authorities have so far neglected important aspects of (...) -
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The intricate tale of demand and supply of personal dataIn this article, we develop some of the economics of the intricate relationship between the demand and the supply of personalized data. We first focus on one heavily debated use of personal data: differential pricing (price discrimination). This allows us to highlight the role played by privacy (...) -
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Standards of proofs in sequential merger control proceduresWe model merger control procedures as a process of sequential acquisition of information in which mergers can be cleared after a first phase of investigation. We find that the enforceability of clearance decisions at the end of the first phase is unattractive to the extent that it prevents the (...) -
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Vertical restraints and e-commerceIn this paper, I present how e-commerce has affected market strategies and competition in European markets and I analyze the economic and legal aspects of vertical restraints that are commonly applied in online markets. By combining available empirical evidence with theories of harm and by (...) -
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Enforcement of anticollusion laws against domestic and foreign firmsDo antitrust authorities consider the national identities of firms when enforcing anticollusion laws? Authorities may follow a neutral enforcement approach or focus on either foreign or domestic firms. We investigate these issues in the context of cartel enforcement against EU, US, and (...) -
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Comment calculer les intérêts lors d’une estimation de préjudice ?La question du calcul des intérêts occupe une place centrale dans l’indemnisation des victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Dans certaines affaires récentes (en particulier les affaires Switch et Orange Caraïbe), les intérêts ont représenté une large partie du montant du préjudice estimé à (...) -
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Market definition when customers multi-source: What can we learn from wholesaling markets?Retail markets are changing in the EU. The rapid growth of e-commerce is disrupting traditional shopping missions. Two features of this changing customer behaviour are particularly important. First, customers are increasingly breaking up their shopping baskets and multi-sourcing; second, they (...) -
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Cartel damages claims in Europe: How courts have assessed overcharges (edition 2017)In its second edition, this study reveals that courts in Europe have handed down judgments in at least 98 cartel damages claims. These cases come from 12 countries, and they relate to more than 45 cartels. Courts have given in these judgments a wealth of insights on how to assess cartel (...) -
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La méthode des scores : Quand l’Autorité innove dans l’évaluation de la pression concurrentielle locale en contrôle des concentrationsLe présent article s’intéresse à la méthode des scores, un outil inspiré par certains précédents britanniques, qui vient d’enrichir la gamme des analyses réalisées par l’Autorité de la concurrence en matière de contrôle des concentrations locales. Après une présentation de la méthode, les auteurs se (...) -
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The importance of quantifying non-price effects in CanadaQuantifying non-price effects is a topic with global appeal in antitrust that has garnered particular interest in merger reviews in Canada in light of the recent decisions in Tervita and TREB, especially in cases that involve an efficiencies defence. We discuss the importance of quantifying (...) -
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The equality and social fairness objectives in EU competition law: The European school of thoughtThe protection of free competition based on equality is the most important social principle in a social market economy. Post-Lisbon, EU competition law is supposed to implement the social market economy concept as defined in Article 3 TEU. The European School of thought is the economic frame (...) -
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Deterring corruption and cartels: In search of a coherent approachThis article addresses how the rules intended to protect consumers and taxpayers from economic crime, namely leniency and cartel settlements in competition law, criminal sanctions and debarment of suppliers from participation in public tenders for bribery, work together. While the economic (...) -
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Cartel damages claims in Europe: How courts have assessed overchargesNational courts in Europe have handed out over fifty judgments in cartel damages claims, and have awarded damages in at least 23 cases. In these cases, the courts have reviewed various methods for quantifying cartel overcharges. Rather than economic or econometric modelling which is sometimes (...) -
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vGUPPIs: An interesting tool for the analysis of vertical mergersThis article provides an insight on a recently developed economic tool : vGUPPIs (vertical Gross Upward Pricing Pressure Indexes), and on how it might be valuable for competition practitioners. After first reminding the principle of GUPPIs in horizontal mergers and the wide use competition (...) -
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L’intégration des acteurs Internet dans l’analyse du contrôle des concentrations : Évolution ou révolution ?Par une décision attendue relative à la prise de contrôle de Darty par la Fnac, l’Autorité de la concurrence vient, pour la première fois, d’intégrer les ventes en ligne dans l’analyse concurrentielle d’un marché de commerce de détail. Le présent article analyse les raisons qui ont conduit à une telle (...) -
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Sondages dans les analyses concurrentiellesLes sondages sont de plus en plus souvent reconnus comme des éléments d’analyse objectifs et fiables par les autorités de concurrence. Cet article présente le principe et les applications dans les analyses concurrentielles d’un type particulier de sondage appelé "analyse conjointe". L’analyse (...) -
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Should Reverse Payment Patent Settlements Be Prohibited per se?Valérie Meunier and Jorge Padilla give their view on the way reverse payment patent settlements (RPPSs) should be assessed by competition authorities. From an economic viewpoint, the authors raise pro-competitive effects RPPS may have on consumer welfare and consider that a per se prohibition is (...) -
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Calibration and consistency in Article 102: Effects-based enforcement after the Intel and Post Danmark judgmentsThe EU’s 2009 Article 102 Guidelines describe an effects-based approach to enforcing the law against dominant firm abuse. However, recent European Court Judgments have taken a more formalistic approach that relies on the case law. Some prominent critics of the Guidelines have argued that this (...) -
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Les cartels en France : Analyse économique de leurs caractéristiques et de leurs sanctionsCet article établit d’une part le portrait-robot des cartels français en étudiant leurs caractéristiques de marché, organisationnelles et relatives à la durée de ces ententes. D’autre part, il étudie la politique de sanctions de ces cartels par l’Autorité de la concurrence et estime son degré de (...) -
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Econometrics in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU casesThis article examines how econometrics is used in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU cases. It argues that econometrics, while being increasingly common, is restricted to a small sample of its potential applications in nonmerger cases. It then proceeds by reviewing recent cartel investigations led by (...) -
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Section 1 Sherman Act: Compliance from an economic perspectiveExplicit collusion requires that the participating firms implement collusive structures in order to mitigate secret deviations and have a self-enforcing agreement that elevates profits. Current antitrust compliance training does not convey to product division decision-makers the difficulty of (...) -
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Les problématiques liées aux marques dans les pratiques anticoncurrentiellesLa gestion des marques est devenue un des éléments essentiels de la stratégie concurrentielle des entreprises. Pourtant, les marques demeurent à la marge de l’analyse économique et posent questions au droit de la concurrence. L’analyse économique et juridique des pratiques anticoncurrentielles ne (...) -
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Les bienfaits d’une concurrence effective dans le cadre de la REP des déchets d’emballagesLa responsabilité élargie du producteur (REP) de la filière des déchets d’emballages est dominée depuis l’origine en 1992 par l’influence d’Éco-Emballages, seul éco-organisme disposant à ce jour d’un agrément et, par conséquent, en monopole de fait sur son marché. Cette situation est critiquée depuis (...) -
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Do Internet users really pay with information about themselves?Competition policy practitioners are becoming increasingly suspicious about free of charge Internet services, notably search engines. It is argued that, in fact, services were not for free, but that users would pay with information about themselves, by giving up privacy. This suggests an (...) -
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Les autorités nationales de concurrence face au défi de la neutralité concurrentielleGarantir la neutralité concurrentielle sur les marchés sur lesquels sont en concurrence des entreprises privées et publiques est un complément indispensable, mais trop souvent ignoré ou insuffisamment pris en compte, du droit de la concurrence. Sur de tels marchés, en effet, la concurrence sans la (...) -
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De la bonne utilisation des concepts d’élasticité-prix de la demande pour l’évaluation (qualitative) du dommage à l’économieDepuis quelques années, l’Autorité de la concurrence fait souvent référence à l’élasticité-prix de la demande (globale) pour évaluer le dommage causé à l’économie, Or, ce concept est inadapté lorsque les produits des entreprises concernées sont imparfaitement substituables. Dans ce cas très fréquent, le (...) -
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Average overcharge models and determining individual harm in collective actionsWe consider what can be inferred from an average overcharge model about individual harm in collective actions. We show that the percentage of claimants for which such inference is possible depends on the average overcharge model’s explanatory power at the claimant level and the size of the (...) -
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Aides publiques aux aéroports : Une analyse économique critique de la position de la Commission européenneCet article analyse les dispositions des nouvelles lignes directrices de la Commission européenne concernant les aides publiques en faveur des aéroports et des compagnies aériennes. L’article se focalise sur le cas des aides au fonctionnement. En utilisant les données publiques des aéroports (...)
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