Individual penalties: The European Court of Human Rights rules that a merging company can be sentenced to a civil fine while the unfair commercial practice has been committed by the absorbed company (Carrefour / France)

*This article is an automatic translation of the original article, provided here for your convenience. Read the original article. Question: Can an acquiring company be ordered to pay a civil fine for an unfair commercial practice (in this case, the obtaining of manifestly disproportionate advantages by a large distributor) previously committed by the company it has absorbed? Yes, and three times yes! Yes, firstly, for the Court of Cassation (Carrefour case): "(...) whereas the provisions of Article L. 442-6 of the Commercial Code, which apply to any