Search results - Concurrences

6 May 2021 R

Principle of equal treatment: The Paris Court of Appeal rejects the appeal against the decision sanctioning a practice of complacent quotations in the market for military removals from La Réunion (Transports-Transit-Déménagements)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

In a judgment handed down on 6 May 2021the Chamber 5-7 of the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed in all respects the appeal lodged by one of the three removal companies sanctioned along with two transport companies by the French Competition Authority under the terms of a decision No. 20-D-05 of 23 (...)

3 May 2021 R

Sanctions: The French Competition Authority sanctions a new obstruction practice, despite the declaration of unconstitutionality of V of Article L. 464-2 of the C. com. (Fleury Michon)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

When the Competition Authority confirms, through its decisional practice, the absence of useful effect of the declaration of unconstitutionality of the power to sanction obstruction practices pronounced by the Constitutional Council... For those who may still have doubts, the French (...)

15 Apr 2021 R

Economic unit: Advocate General Pitruzzella proposes to extend the liability of the parent company, perpetrator of anti-competitive practices, to its daughter, with which it constitutes an economic unit, in order to allow victims of competitive damage to act directly against the subsidiary (Sumal / Mercedes Benz Trucks España)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 15 April 2021, Advocate General Giovanni Pitruzzella delivered his Opinion in Case C-882/19 (Sumal, S.L.)which follows a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Barcelona Court of Appeal. The present Opinion - which should make some noise - is undoubtedly part of the movement to make it (...)

15 Apr 2021 R

Corporate group: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms that the application of the presumption of the effective exercise of decisive influence by the parent company over its subsidiary does not violate the principle of legal certainty, the principle of legality of penalties or the principle of the presumption of innocence (Italmobiliare)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 15 April 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered a judgment in case C-694/19 (Italmobiliare and Others v. European Commission). By the terms of the present judgment, the Court dismisses in its entirety the appeal brought by Italmobiliare, the parent company of a group, (...)

14 Apr 2021 R

Exchange of information: The Paris Court of Appeal rules on the appeal lodged by a producer of hygiene products ordered in the first instance to compensate the damage caused by the practices of exchange of sensitive information in which it had participated to several companies of the same distribution group (Johnson & Johnson Santé Beauté France / Carrefour France)

Muriel Chagny • N° 2-2021

Compensation for competition damages is not (always) a smooth process, even when victims of anti-competitive practices take follow-up action, based on proceedings before the competition authority that have resulted in a finding of infringement In its judgment of April 14, 2021the Paris Court (...)

8 Apr 2021 R

Business secrets: The Paris Court of Appeal rules on practices consisting in obtaining advantages without consideration (Intermarché)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On April 8, 2021, Chamber 2-1 of the Paris Court of Appeal, ruling in summary proceedings, issued an interesting judgment in which it overturned an order of March 19, 2021 issued by the Paris Commercial Court in a case between the Minister of the Economy and ITM concerning practices consisting (...)

8 Apr 2021 R

Business secrets: The Paris Court of Appeal rules on the protection of business secrets contained in a writ relating to restrictive practices law (ITM Alimentaire International)

Muriel Chagny • N° 2-2021

Law No. 2018-670 of July 30, 2018, transposing into French law the Directive of June 8, 2016 (EU Directive 2016/943 of June 8, 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and commercial information against unlawful obtaining, use and disclosure), has undoubtedly marked a decisive step on the (...)

26 Mar 2021 R

Priority question on constitutionality: The French Constitutional Council declares the second subparagraph of paragraph V of Article L. 464-2 of the Commercial Code contrary to the Constitution, on the grounds that the conduct in question is in part already sanctioned by the offence of obstruction under Article L. 450-8 of the Commercial Code (Akka)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

The AKKA group and Brenntag SA and Brenntag AG - as voluntary interveners - have just won a Pyrrhic victory, or at least a victory for glory, before the Constitutional Council in the context of the referral ordered by the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation on January 13, 2021 of the (...)

26 Mar 2021 R

QPC: The French Constitutional Council pronounces the total non-conformity of the second subparagraph of paragraph V of Article L. 464-2 of the Commercial Code (Akka)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

More than a week after its adoption, I propose to return to decision n° 2021-892 QPC of 26 March 2021in which the Constitutional Council declared the second paragraph of Article L. 464-2, paragraph V, of the French Commercial Code, which allows the Competition Authority to impose sanctions in (...)

26 Mar 2021 R

Sanctions: The French Constitutional Council declares unconstitutional the provisions of the second subparagraph of paragraph V of Article L. 464-2 C. com. sanctioning practices of obstruction to the investigation or inquiry (Brenntag, Akka technologies)

Christophe Lemaire, Marie Florent • N° 2-2021 • pp. 151-153

Seized by the Court of Cassation of a priority question of constitutionality ["QPC"] formulated by the Akka group, the Constitutional Council adopted on March 26, 2021, a decision under the terms of which it declares Article L. 464-2, paragraph V, subparagraph 2 C. com., in its wording (...)

26 Mar 2021 R

Sanctions: The French Constitutional Council publishes its ’commentary’ on the decision pronouncing the total non-conformity of the second paragraph of paragraph V of Article L. 464-2 of the Commercial Code which allows the Competition Authority to sanction obstruction practices (Akka)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

Almost one month after having rendered its decision No. 2021-892 QPC of March 26, 2021 declaring the second paragraph of paragraph V of Article L. 464-2 of the French Commercial Code, which allows the French Competition Authority to sanction obstruction practices, to be totally non-conforming, (...)

22 Mar 2021 R

Investigation: The French Competition Authority closes an open investigation concerning an eco-responsible label (FBTP 31)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

By communicated on 22 March 2021the French Competition Authority announced that it had closed an investigation opened, following evidence transmitted by the DGCCRF, against the Fédération Française du Bâtiment et des Travaux Publics de Haute-Garonne (FBTP 31) concerning the ETHIBAT eco-responsible (...)

18 Mar 2021 R

Fines: The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls the judgment of the General Court of the European Union on the grounds of breach of the principle of equal treatment in the calculation of the fine (Pometon)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 18 March 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in case C-440/19 (Pometon SpA v European Commission). It will be recalled that in this case, the General Court of the Union had, through a judgment delivered on 28 March 2019 in case T-433/16 (Pometon SpA v. (...)

17 Mar 2021 R

Privacy protection: The French Competition Authority rejects the request for interim measures made by various online advertising players regarding a framework for ad tracking, but continues to investigate the case (Apple)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On March 17, 2021, the French Competition Authority issued a decision n° 21-d-07 in which it considers that, at the early stage of the analysis of the request for interim measures, it does not appear that Apple has, by imposing a mechanism allowing users of the brand’s mobile devices, under iOS (...)

16 Mar 2021 R

Priority question on constitutionality: The French Constitutional Council holds the hearing on the priority question on constitutionality concerning the conformity of the provision of the Commercial Code allowing the French Competition Authority to impose sanctions in case of obstruction practices (AKKA)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On March 16, 2021, the Constitutional Council held thehearing concerning the QPC n° 2021-892 concerning the conformity of Article L. 464-2 of the French Commercial Code and, more specifically, the provisions of V, 2nd paragraph, of the said Article, which allow the Competition Authority, when (...)

4 Mar 2021 R

Priority question on constitutionality: The Paris Court of Appeal refuses to transmit to the Court of Cassation a priority question on constitutionality filed in the context of the horizontal cartel case in the pork sector (S.C.O.)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

Here’s a notebook that’s still making a lot of noise about him This notebook is the one that the Campofrio Group incidentally entrusted to the investigation services of the Competition Authority when it filed its first-rank leniency application in the pork butchering case that gave rise to the (...)

17 Feb 2021 R

Jurisdiction: The French Supreme Court clarifies that the Competition Authority, when seized by the Competition Authority of another Member State with a request for assistance, retains its own powers of investigation for possible irregularities committed in France (Caudalie)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On the basis of a judgment delivered on 17 February 2021the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation has clarified that, when the French Competition Authority receives a request for assistance at the investigation stage from the competition authority of another Member State on the basis of (...)

17 Feb 2021 R

Jurisdiction: The French Supreme Court clarifies the powers of the French Competition Authority in the context of a request for assistance to an investigation presented in the framework of the European Competition Network (Caudalie)

Christophe Lemaire, Marie Florent • N° 2-2021 • pp. 157-158

On February 17, 2021, the Court of Cassation upheld a decision of the Paris Court of Appeal, which had dismissed the appeal filed by Caudalie against an order of the liberty and custody judge authorizing the Competition Authority to conduct inspections and seizures on Caudalie ’s premises on its (...)

11 Feb 2021 R

Annulment: The Paris Court of Appeal corrects a judgment declaring a decision of the Polynesian Competition Authority null and void (Wane)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

By means of a amending judgment of 11 February 2021In its judgment of 21 January 2021, Chamber 5-7 of the Paris Court of Appeal corrected a clerical error that had crept into thejudgment.The Court of First Instance also annulled the decision of the Polynesian Competition Authority following the (...)

28 Jan 2021 R

Competence: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the power of the European Commission to address a new request for information to an undertaking after the statement of objections, provided that it is reasoned for the purposes of the investigation, necessary and proportionate (Qualcomm)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 28 January 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in Case C-466/19 (Qualcomm and Qualcomm Europe v. European Commission).. The Court of Justice dismissed the appeal brought by Qualcomm and Qualcomm Europe seeking the annulment of thejudgment delivered on 9 (...)

28 Jan 2021 R

Request for information: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the dismissal of an appeal against a request for information (Qualcomm)

Pascal Cardonnel • N° 2-2021 • p. 151

The Court dismisses the appeal brought by Qualcomm against the judgment of the General Court of 9 April 2019 Qualcomm v Commission, T-371/17, EU:T:2019:232 (see, this Chronicle, Concurrences, No 3-2019, p. 156). The applicant company’s action sought the annulment of a request for additional (...)

27 Jan 2021 R

Liability: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the fine imposed on a merchant bank jointly and severally with its subsidiaries for their participation in the electricity cable cartel (Goldman Sachs)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 27 January 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in Case C-595/18 (The Goldman Sachs Group Inc. v. Commission) . It dismissed the appeal by the merchant bank seeking the annulment of thejudgment of 12 July 2018. by the Court of First Instance of the (...)

27 Jan 2021 R

Sanctions: The French Competition Authority publishes a study on the application of competition law to professional bodies

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 27 January 2021, the Competition Authority made public thethematic study on the application of competition law to professional bodies.. This publication did not come about by chance. It anticipates the next significant increase in the ceiling of financial penalties applicable to these (...)

27 Jan 2021 R

Prescription: The French Supreme Court approves the fixing of the starting point of the prescription of a consequential action for damages at the date of the Competition Authority’s decision (EMC2 / Signaux Girod)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On the basis of a judgment delivered on 27 January 2021The Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation has confirmed the case law of the Paris Court of Appeal, which sets the starting point for the prescription of an action for damages on the date of the Competition Authority’s decision (Thanks (...)

27 Jan 2021 R

Professional bodies: The French Competition Authority publishes a study on the application of competition law to these bodies on the eve of the reinforcement of sanctions applicable to professional bodies

Christophe Lemaire • N° 2-2021 • pp; 158-160

After launching a consultation on the subject in 2019, the Competition Authority released, on 27 January 2021, a thematic study on the application of competition law to professional bodies ["the Study"]. The Study, which is based inter alia on written contributions received in the context of a (...)

22 Jan 2021 R

Action for damages: The Administrative Court of Appeal of Nantes increases the provision granted to the Loire-Atlantique department in the context of an action for damages for a practice of cover offer sanctioned by the Competition Authority (Philippe Lassarat, Prezioso Linjebygg)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

It is recalled that in a decision no. 11-D-07 of February 24, 20111,160,100 for concerted price fixing in connection with contracts for port painting and civil engineering works between 2005 and 2006. Ten years after the Authority’s final decision and 15 years after the facts, the (...)

21 Jan 2021 R

Prescription: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that a strict interpretation of the national legislation, as upheld by the Bucharest Court of Appeal, prohibiting absolutely the interruption of the limitation period by acts adopted after the decision to open an investigation, appears liable to jeopardise the effective implementation of the EU competition rules (Whiteland Import Export)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 21 January 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered a judgment in Case C-308/19 (Consiliul Concurenţei v Whiteland Import Export SRL) following a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice. The present case raises the question (...)

21 Jan 2021 R

Annulment: The Paris Court of Appeal declares moot the appeal on the merits against a decision of the Polynesian Competition Authority annulled by the Court of Cassation on grounds of legitimate suspicion (Wane)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

New episode in the Polynesian saga, the 7th of the series, if we count correctly, and maybe not the last one... On June 4, 2020, the Second Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation had, in a very important ruling, issued a decision.whose teachings were intended to apply well beyond the case in (...)

20 Jan 2021 R

Default interest: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the European Commission’s obligation to pay default interest to the wrongly convicted company in addition to the amount of the fine unduly paid (Printeos)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

On 20 January 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in Case C-301/19 (Printeos, SA v. European Commission).. It rejects the appeal brought by the European Commission seeking the annulment of thejudgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Union of (...)

20 Jan 2021 R

Dawn raids: The Criminal Chamber of the French Supreme Court provides some clarifications on the conduct of dawn raids and specifies that the exemption from seizure of lawyer-client correspondence is not limited to exchanges related to the present competition case, but extends to all correspondence exchanged between a lawyer and his client and related to the exercise of the rights of defence (EDF, Dalkia)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

It is recalled that by judgment of 25 November 2020 With regard to the conduct of visiting and seizure operations, the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation had confirmed the principle that, if lawyer-client correspondence could not be seized in the context of visiting operations, it was (...)

20 Jan 2021 R

Recovery: The European Commission is required to attach interest to the repayment of a cancelled fine (Printeos)

Pascal Cardonnel • N° 2-2021 • p. 151

In 2014, the Commission fined Printeos more than €4 million for its participation in a cartel in the envelope market. In 2016, the General Court of the Union annulled this penalty. The Commission reimbursed Printeos the amount of the fine but refused to attach interest to this payment. (...)

20 Jan 2021 R

Visits and seizures: The French Supreme Court clarifies the conditions of seizability of lawyer-client correspondence in the context of visit and seizure operations (EDF / Dalkia, Au vieux Campeur)

Christophe Lemaire, Hélène Fricaudet • N° 2-2021 • pp. 153-157

In recent times, the Court of Cassation has intervened twice on the issue of the seizability of correspondence exchanged between a lawyer and his client. These two rulings illustrate not only the increasingly strict approach of the competition authorities (the first case concerns the DGCCRF, (...)

14 Jan 2021 R

Business secrets: The French Competition Authority decides not to pursue the proceedings in the thermal insulation case (CSTB, FILMM, Saint-Gobain Isover)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

So much for that! On 14 January 2021, the Competition Authority finally delivered its verdict on the merits of the thermal insulation case. There is no doubt that this old case will go down in the annals above all for its contribution to the creation of an effective remedy against the (...)

14 Jan 2021 R

Statute of limitations: The Court of Justice of the European Union rules on the relationship between European Union law and national rules on the statute of limitations for proceedings brought by national competition authorities (Kilpailu- ja kuluttajavirasto (Eltel), Whiteland)

Pascal Cardonnel • N° 2-2021 • pp. 147-149

Prosecution proceedings brought by the Commission are governed by EU law; those brought by national competition authorities ["NCAs"] by their national law. The limitation period for such proceedings therefore depends on whether they are initiated by the Commission or by an NCA, and whether they (...)

13 Jan 2021 R

Priority question on constitutionality: The French Supreme Court refers to the French Constitutional Council a priority question on constitutionality concerning the conformity of the article of the Commercial Code allowing the French Competition Authority to impose sanctions in case of obstructive practices (Akka)

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

By judgment of 13 January 2021, the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation decided to refer to the Constitutional Council the priority constitutionality issue referred to it by the Akka group in its appeal against the decision handed down on 26 May 2020 by Chamber 5-7 of the Paris Court (...)

11 Jan 2021 R

Fines: The French DGCCRF is launching a public consultation on the transposition of the ECN+ Directive into French law

Alain Ronzano • N° 2-2021

Article 37 of Law No. 2020-1508 of 3 December 2020 on various provisions for adapting to European Union law on economic and financial matters (DDADUE) has notably empowered the government to transpose Directive 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 aimed at (...)

17 Dec 2020 R

Priority question on constitutionality: The Paris Court of Appeal rejects a request for judicial review on the conformity of the second paragraph of Article L. 464-2, V, C. Com., which was already referred to the French Supreme Court in a similar case (Brenntag)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

It will be remembered that on 26 October 2020, the Court of Cassation was seized of a priority constitutionality issue relating to the compliance of Article L. 464-2 of the French Commercial Code and, more specifically, the provisions of the second paragraph of V of the said article, which (...)

16 Dec 2020 R

Admissibility: The General Court of the European Union confirms the decision of the European Commission to reject a complaint for lack of interest of the European Union (Fakro)

Alexandre Lacresse • N° 2-2021 • pp. 149-150

In this case, the applicant, a Polish company manufacturing windows and roofing accessories, had initially lodged a complaint with the Polish competition authority. However, that authority declared that it had no jurisdiction. Considering that the practices complained of had a European (...)

14 Dec 2020 R

Damages: The European Commission publishes a transitional report on the assessment of the 2014 Damages Directive and its transposition by Member States (Directive 2014/104/EU)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

On 14 December 2020, the Commission made public a report on the implementation of the Directive on damages actions resulting from anti-competitive practices - the Damages Directive of 2014, pursuant to Article 20 of that Directive, which requires the Commission to review this Directive and (...)

9 Dec 2020 R

Dawn raids: The Criminal Chamber of the French Supreme Court refuses to refer to the Constitutional Council a new priority constitutionality issue on the conformity of article L. 450-4 of the Commercial Code with the Constitution (Chantiers modernes Sud-Ouest)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

By judgment No 3101 of 9 December 2020 (20-83.001)In the case of a dispute between Chantiers Modernes Sud-Ouest and the Regional Directorate of Competition, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control of New Aquitaine concerning the conformity of article L. 450-4 of the Commercial Code with the (...)

8 Dec 2020 R

COVID-19: The French Competition Authority rejects for lack of evidence the referral of travel agencies denouncing the concerted non-reimbursement of flights cancelled by 90 airlines (Cediv Travel)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

On 8 December 2020, the Competition Authority issued a decision no. 20-D-21 in favour of which it rejects, on the basis of the second paragraph of Article L. 462-8 of the Commercial Code, the referral to the merits of the cooperative company CEDIV TRAVEL and 55 of its members, travel agencies (...)

3 Dec 2020 R

Reform: The French government publishes the law n° 2020-1508 bearing various provisions of adaptation to the European Union law in economic and financial matters (DDADUE)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

The law n° 2020-1508 of 3 December 2020 laying down various provisions for adapting to European Union law on economic and financial matters was published in the Official Journal on 4 December 2020. The provisions of the Act on competition are set out in Article 37. Apart from the provisions (...)

3 Dec 2020 R

Reform: The French Parliament adopts a new legislation adapting French economic and financial legislation to EU Law

Christophe Lemaire • N° 1-2021 • pp. 184-185

On 18 November 2020, the National Assembly adopted in final reading the bill containing various provisions for adapting to European Union law on economic and financial matters (known as the DDADUE law). This law, published in the Official Journal on 4 December 2020, is the subject of a special (...)

25 Nov 2020 R

Rights of defense: The Criminal Chamber of the French Supreme Court recalls that the exemption from seizure of lawyer-client correspondence presupposes that the document is related to the exercise of the rights of defence of the company visited, prohibiting any systematic withdrawal of such correspondence (Au vieux campeur)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

By judgment of 25 November 2020 With regard to the carrying out of visits and seizures, the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation confirmed the principle, which was recently reiterated in another ruling of the same formation dated 4 March 2020, according to which, if lawyer-client (...)

24 Nov 2020 R

Competence: The Court of Justice of the European Union rules that an action for damages based on a legal obligation to refrain from abusing a dominant position is a matter relating to tort within the meaning of the Brussels I bis Regulation (Wikingerhof / Booking)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

On 24 November 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union, meeting in Grand Chamber, gave judgment in Case C-59/19 (Wikingerhof GmbH & Co. KG v Booking.com BV) judgment in Case C-59/19 (Wikingerhof GmbH & Co. KG v Booking.com BV)The Court of Justice of the European Communities has (...)

24 Nov 2020 R

Actions for damages: The Court of Justice of the European Union specifies conditions enabling the victim of an abuse of dominant position to sue its contracting party before the Court of the place where the harmful event occurred instead of the Court where the defendant is domiciled (Wikingerhof / Booking.com)

Pascal Cardonnel • N° 1-2021 • pp. 181-182

The development of damages actions for competition law infringements continues to give rise to conflicts of jurisdiction and applicable law. These issues fall under the application of the EU Regulations on jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters (Regulation 1215/2012, "Brussels Ia"), on (...)

18 Nov 2020 R

Reform: The French National Assembly adopts, at the end of a final reading, the bill containing various provisions for adaptation to European Union law in economic and financial matters (DDADUE)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

On 18 November 2020, the National Assembly adopted by 159 votes to 14, at the end of the final reading of the text, the draft law on various provisions for adapting to European Union law in the economic and financial field (DDADUE). The National Assembly therefore had the last word, by not (...)

18 Nov 2020 R

Competence: The French Competition Authority refuses to know about practices implemented in French Polynesia by opposing its territorial competence and especially its attribution competence, even after the admission of the request for legitimate suspicion against the Polynesian Competition Authority (Wane)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

We remember that, in the saga of excessive tariffs on the market for the supply of beverages to shops organized under brand names in French Polynesia, the first president of the Paris Court of Appeal, taking note of theruling of 4 June 2020 to which the Second Civil Chamber of the Court of (...)

18 Nov 2020 R

Jurisdiction: The French Competition Authority considers it does not have jurisdiction over practices committed in French Polynesia (Wane)

Christophe Lemaire, Anne Dos • N° 1-2021 • pp. 188-190

In a decision dated November 18, 2020, the French Competition Authority marks yet another twist in the Wane saga by declining jurisdiction over practices that took place in French Polynesia. Thus, in spite of the referral decision handed down by the First President of the Paris Court of Appeal (...)

9 Nov 2020 R

Reform: The French Senate’s Finance Committee rectifies the new simplified procedure before the French Competition Authority (DDADUE)

Alain Ronzano • N° 1-2021

Following the failure of the Joint Joint Committee and after a new reading of the text before the National Assembly, the ball is now in the court of the Senate, which apparently has no intention of aligning itself with the position of the Assembly, paving the way for a final reading of the bill (...)

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