This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

Unfair competition

The law of unfair competition concerns the relationship between two undertakings considered individually; its purpose is to protect one of them against the manoeuvres of the other, which, by transgressing the rules of fair trade, seeks to divert customers from its competitors. It should be distinguished from rules protecting industrial property titles (patents, trademarks, registered designs) against counterfeiting or imitation: although the purpose of rules in this category is also to protect customers (through the protection of the means of production or identification of products belonging to an enterprise), they constitute a particular branch of law. Encyclopaedia Universalis

Related EU and national case law

Laurence Idot, Guillaume Daieff, Isabelle de Silva, Linda Arcelin, Mathilde Boudou, Jean-Louis Fourgoux, Yann Utzschneider, Anouk Clamens, Christophe Lemaire DDADUE bill: Simple adaptation or reform of French competition law?

February 2021

This set of articles is dedicated to the changes made to the French competition law by the DDADUE bill of December 3, 2020. Both the law on restrictive competition practices and the law on anti-competitive practices are affected by the necessary transposition of EU directives (directives (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Competition Authority fines a Mandarin oranges buyer for unfair trading practices (Jasenska)

6 February 2021

Unfair trading practices: CCA imposes HRK 350,000 fine on Mandarin Oranges buyer Jasenka from Opuzen* The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) opened ex officio infringement proceeding against the mandarin oranges buyer Jasenska within the meaning of the Act on prohibition of unfair trading (...)

Latvian Competition Council The Latvian Competition Authority fines a national public capital company for abuse of a dominant position in the railway transports sector(Ldz cargo)

3 February 2021

The CC imposes a fine on the public capital company “LDZ CARGO” for abuse of a dominant position* The Competition Council of Latvia (the CC) detected that since 2007 the public capital company “LDZ CARGO”, abusing a dominant position, made it more difficult for competitors to operate in rail (...)

Ariane Le Strat, Peter Willis The UK Competition Authority publishes report into algorithms and their harm on consumers and competition law

19 January 2021

The impact algorithms continue to have on market dynamics has been under scrutiny by competition authorities around the world in recent years. On 19 January 2021, the CMA published a report, following its investigation into algorithms and their potential harms on competition law. The paper (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Administrative Court upholds the Competition Authority’s decision sanctioning retail trading chain for imposition of unfair trading practices (NTL)

5 January 2021

UTPS: Administrative Court upholds CCA decision sanctioning NTL 450,000 kuna for imposition of unfair trading practices* The Administrative Court in Zagreb completely rejected the statement of claim of Narodni trgovački lanac d.o.o. (NTL) in the administrative dispute against the decision of (...)

Italian Competition Authority The Italian Competition Authority opens fourteen investigations into a national dairy products distributor for alleged unfair practices to the detriment of the contributing farmers (As many dairies)

30 December 2020

ICA: fourteen investigations opened into as many dairies for alleged unfair practices to the detriment of the contributing farmers* The proceedings were initiated following reports by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies The Italian Competition Authority (Autorità (...)

Spanish Competition Authority The Spanish Competition Authority receives complaints involving the terms of national bank’s COVID-19 loans (ICO)

28 December 2020

The CNMC receives new complaints involving the terms of ICO COVID loans* It is continuing its investigation into various financial institutions to determine whether they engaged in unfair actions when granting ICO loans. The actions it is analysing include the cross-selling of products (...)

Robert E. Connolly The US Senate passes the Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act which prohibits employers from retaliating against certain individuals

23 December 2020

An Update on Criminal Antitrust Whistleblower Legislation* On Dec. 23, 2020, the Criminal Antitrust Anti-Retaliation Act (the “Act”), finally became law. The legislation had passed in the Senate several times previously but until this last Congress, had never been brought up for a vote in the (...)

Spanish Competition Authority The Spanish Competition Authority initiates proceedings against the Catalan National Assembly for the launch of an anticompetitive advertising campaign (Catalan National Assembly)

21 December 2020

The CNMC initiates disciplinary proceedings against the Catalan National Assembly.* It investigates potentially unfair practices involving the launch of the “Strategic Consumption” campaign. This campaign encourages consumers not to buy certain products for reasons unrelated to competition (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Administrative Court upholds the Competition Authority’s decision fining fruits and vegetables company for imposition of unfair trading practices (Fragaria)

21 December 2020

UTPS: Administrative court upholds CCA decision sanctioning Fragaria 350,000 kuna for imposition of unfair trading practices* On 16 December 2020 the Administrative Court in Zagreb completely rejected the statement of claim of the re-seller Fragaria d.o.o. in the administrative dispute against (...)

German Competition Authority The German Competition Authority investigates the sale of dietary supplements via telemarketing using unfair practices

15 December 2020

The GVH is investigating the sale of dietary supplements via telemarketing* The Hungarian Competition Authority (GVH) has initiated a proceeding against two undertakings, which may have been promoting the ‘Helvetia Apotheke’ dietary supplements using unfair practices. Based on the high number (...)

Daniel Fasquelle, Emmanuelle Inacio The EU Commission publishes a draft on a legislative package promoting a single market for digital services

15 December 2020

Toward New European Rules for Digital Players in the Internal Market GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon & Microsoft), the providers of core platform services, are dominating the digital market. In other words, globally, almost all digital services depend on GAFAM. This phenomenon was (...)

Frédéric Buy Reforms: The French Parliament adopts the “DDADUE” and “ASAP” laws on unfair commercial practices

3 December 2020

We won’t even pretend to be surprised anymore. Reforms of the law of commercial relations are being carried out at great speed without having had time to direct the previous ones and without always measuring their interest (on this phenomenon, G. Canivet, "L’histoire sans fin fin des lois (...)

Hungarian Competition Authority The EU Court of Justice rules in favour of domestic undertakings allowing them to sue big tech companies (Booking.com)

2 December 2020

Amazon, Facebook, Google, Apple, Booking.com – domestic undertakings can also sue foreign ‘giants’ in Hungarian courts* The Court of Justice of the European Union adopted a decision which is significant and favourable for Hungarian undertakings as well: even the largest foreign platforms can be (...)

Silvia Pietrini Italy: The Court of Milan rules on the extent of the evidentiary value of the decision of the Competition Authority and the civil consequences (Compass Banca)

2 December 2020

By a judgment of 2 December 2020, published 5 days later, the Regional Administrative Court of Lazio ["TAR Lazio"] rejected the appeal filed by a banking institution against the decision of the Competition and Market Authority ["AGCM"] or ["Competition Authority"] which, with a view to civil (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Competition Authority fines a business-to-business food re-seller for imposing unfair trading practices on its suppliers but reduces the fine in light of cooperation, company’s small size, and the company’s importance for the national island tourism sector (Jadranka trgovina)

23 November 2020

Unfair Trading Practices: Cca Imposes HRK 85,000 Fine on Jadranka Trgovina* The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) opened three ex officio infringement proceedings against Jadranka trgovina within the meaning of the Act on prohibition of unfair trading practices in the business-to-business food (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority charges the supermarket group’s buyer company with abuse of contractual advantage against its suppliers (SCA PR Polska)

20 November 2020

Contractual advantage - proceedings of the President of UOKiK against SCA PR Polska (Intermarche Group)* President of UOKiK Tomasz Chróstny brought charges against SCA PR Polska, a company responsible in the capital group for purchases in the Intermarche chain. The company is likely to abuse (...)

Nicolas Éréséo Selective distribution: The French Civil Supreme Court recalls the criteria for characterising unfair or parasitic competition when a distributor markets products in disregard of a selective distribution system (Puma / Lidl)

18 November 2020

Puma designs and produces sports and leisure articles, marketed under the eponymous brand name through a selective distribution network. It sued Lidl, a company which, without being part of that network, had sold shoes and backpacks under the Puma brand as part of a promotional operation (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority fines apple concentrate manufacturer for abuse of contractual advantage against its apple suppliers by significantly delaying payments to them (Appol)

6 November 2020

PLN 1.7 million penalty for Appol company for delayed payments to apple growers* The Appol company has been abusing its contractual advantage against apple suppliers by significantly delaying the payments for the completed deliveries of raw material for apple concentrate. President of UOKiK (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Competition Authority fines a food re-seller for imposing unfair trading practices on its suppliers including consistent late payment of supply invoices (Ribola)

2 November 2020

Unfair Trading Practices – CCA Imposes Hrk 65,000 Fine on Ribola* The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) opened ex officio infringement proceeding within the meaning of the Act on prohibition of unfair trading practices in the business-to-business food supply chain (UTPs Act) with the view to (...)

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition Authority issues interim report on its first inquiry of digital services platforms which finds a surge in online messaging use during the COVID-19 pandemic as big digital platforms continue to expand

23 October 2020

Surge in online messaging use as big digital platforms continue to expand* Australians are increasingly turning to online private messaging services to keep in touch with each other, and are overwhelmingly choosing services provided by Facebook and Apple. The ACCC’s first Digital Platform (...)

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition Authority institutes proceedings in the Federal Court against printing company for unfair contract terms for small businesses (Fuji Xerox)

22 October 2020

Fuji Xerox in court over alleged unfair contract terms* The ACCC has instituted proceedings in the Federal Court against printing company Fuji Xerox Australia Pty Ltd and a related company (together, Fuji), alleging that in total nine types of Fuji’s standard form small business contracts (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority opens investigation into unfair use of contractual advantage by largest national food wholesaler against its suppliers (Eurocash)

9 October 2020

Unfounded Eurocash fees - charges of the President of UOKiK* President of UOKiK Tomasz Chróstny checks the practices of Eurocash company towards suppliers of agricultural and food products. The allegations concern unfounded collection of additional fees. The main business of Eurocash is (...)

Spanish Competition Authority The Spanish Competition Authority opens a formal investigation into an animal society for alleged abuse of dominance in dog certification and shows (Royal Canine Society of Spain)

7 October 2020

The CNMC opens a formal investigation into the Royal Canine Society of Spain for alleged antitrust practices* The conduct investigated sought to hinder and avoid competition with other official associations. It potentially affects the markets for certifying purebred dogs and providing judging (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority imposes a maximum fine due to lack of approval for the joint venture to 6 companies participating in the construction of a gas pipeline (Gazprom / Nord Stream 2)

7 October 2020

Nord Stream 2 - maximum penalties imposed by UOKiK President* Tomasz Chróstny, President of UOKiK, has imposed a penalty of over PLN 29 bn on Gazprom, and of over PLN 234 mln on 5 remaining companies participating in the construction of the gas pipeline - as a result of the lack of approval for (...)

Jean-Michel Vertut Payment regulation: The French Supreme Civil Court requires at least a summary analysis by the Courts of the evidences during an unfair competition lawsuit for payment terms regulation infringement (Agora / Speed Rabbit Pizza, Domino’s Pizza France et DPFC)

30 September 2020

Facts. The companies Speed Rabbit pizza (hereinafter "Rabbit") and Domino’s pizza France (hereinafter "Domino") specialise in the sale of delivered and take-away pizzas. They operate through a franchise network. A subsidiary of Domino, the company DPFC (hereinafter "DPFC"), which is also a (...)

Dutch Competition Authority The Dutch Competition Authority draws up rules of thumb for sustainability claims by companies about their products and services

22 September 2020

ACM draws up rules of thumb for sustainability claims* The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) has drawn up rules of thumb for sustainability claims that businesses use when selling their products and services. With these rules of thumb, ACM believes that businesses will (...)

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition Authority accepts a physiotherapy company’s commitment to remove alleged unfair contract terms from its franchisee agreements (Back In Motion Physiotherapy)

21 September 2020

Back In Motion Physiotherapy to remove alleged unfair contract terms for franchisees* The ACCC has accepted a court-enforceable undertaking by Back In Motion Physiotherapy Pty Ltd to remove certain terms from its franchisees agreements which it admits may be unfair. Under a restraint of trade (...)

Austrian Competition Authority The Austrian Competition Authority gains the right of action in relation to any non-compliance by providers of online intermediation services or by providers of online search engines with the relevant requirements laid down in the P2B Regulation

18 September 2020

AFCA granted right of action in relation to P2B Regulation on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services* The EU Regulation on platform-to-business relations (P2B Regulation), which promotes fairness and transparency for business users of online (...)

Italian Competition Authority The Italian Competition Authority closes pre-investigation proceedings against a football club to remove any possible unfair element of certain clauses in contracts for ticket selling (Serie A SSC Napoli)

9 September 2020

CV205 - ICA, Napoli football club will reimburse the ticket, if so requested by consumer, in case of match postponement* The Authority asked SSC Napoli S.p.A. to remove any possible unfair element of certain clauses in the contractual conditions of the Regulations of the San Paolo stadium and (...)

Italian Competition Authority The Italian Competition Authority launches six investigations against some of the main operators at global level in cloud computing services (Google / Apple / Dropbox)

7 September 2020

Antitrust: Investigations launched against Google, Apple and Dropbox for their cloud computing services* The proceedings relate to allegedly unfair commercial practices and the possible presence of unfair terms in the contractual conditions The Italian Competition Authority has launched six (...)

Marcin Alberski, Piotr Dynowski The Polish Competition Authority opens preliminary investigations into the rebate practices of 19 retail chains

7 September 2020

In early July, the Polish competition authority (UOKiK) has opened preliminary investigations into the rebate practices of 19 retail chains. In particular, the authority will focus on whether retrospective rebates are used to exploit retail chains’ contractual advantage towards small and (...)

Toshio Dokei, Hideo Nakajima, Takako Onoki The Japanese FTC publishes a market research report on transactions between franchisers and franchisees

2 September 2020

On September 2, 2020, the JFTC published a market research report (“Report”) on transactions between the headquarters of convenience stores (i.e., franchisers) and their franchisees. Previously, the JFTC conducted a similar market research in 2011. The Report indicates some situations that could (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority imposes penalties on producers of feed for breeding animals for engaging in market sharing and concluding restricting agreements (Polmass / Ekoplon)

28 August 2020

President of UOKiK has imposed penalties of more than PLN 17 million for market division scheme* Producers of feed for breeding animals – Polmass and Ekoplon – have concluded competition-restricting agreements. They shared two markets, thus limiting customers in their free selection of products. (...)

Varsha Goel The Indian Competition Authority clears mobile application from tying allegations (Harshita Chawla / Whatsapp)

18 August 2020

The Competition Commission of India (CCI), the country’s judicial authority for competition matters rendered decision in the case of Harshita Chawla v. WhatsApp Inc. and ors in August, 2020 wherein it inter-alia cleared the mobile messaging service, WhatsApp Inc. from allegations of abuse of (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority initiates proceedings against the largest sugar producers in Poland for engaging in contractual advantages against farmers (Pfeifer / Langen)

14 August 2020

President of UOKiK presses charges against Pfeifer&Langen* President of UOKiK Tomasz Chróstny has initiated proceedings against Pfeifer & Langen Polska. The company may have been using its contractual advantage against farmers. The Office is also going to examine the practices of other (...)

Annick Vroninks The Belgian Competition Authority publishes a royal decree which incorporates the ban on abuse of economic dependency into the code of economic law

12 August 2020

Background A Royal Decree amending the Belgian Code of Economic Law with regard to the prohibition of abuses of economic dependence was published in the Official Journal of Belgium on 12 August 2020. This Royal decree confirms the competence of the Belgian Competition Authority ("BCA") to (...)

Jean-Michel Vertut Supply Chain: The French General Directorate for Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (DGCCRF) provides guidance on the use of indicators in the contractual chain

24 July 2020

Facts. Ensure a better distribution of the value created by the agricultural and agri-food sectors between all the actors in the production chain. This is notably the objective of the Equality Law passed almost two years ago. To achieve this objective, this law reversed the process of (...)

Croatian Competition Authority The Croatian Competition Authority fines supermarket chain for imposing unfair trading practices in the business-to-business food supply chain (Kaufland Hrvatska)

17 July 2020

Kaufland Hrvatska fined 1.1 million Kuna for imposing unfair trading practices* The Croatian Competition Agency (CCA) fined Kaufland Hrvatska k.d. (Kaufland) 1.1 million Kuna for a serious breach of the provisions of the Act on the prohibition of unfair trading practices in the (...)

Guernsey Competition Authority The Guernsey Competition Authority provisionally finds that a medical specialist imposed excessively broad restraints of trade restrictions on its ex-consultants (Medical Specialist Group)

13 July 2020

Competition Authority issues case against Medical Specialist Group* The Guernsey Competition and Regulatory Authority (GCRA) has provisionally found that the Medical Specialist Group (MSG) has broken Guernsey competition law by imposing excessively broad restraint of trade restrictions on its (...)

EFTA Surveillance Authority The EFTA Surveillance Authority discontinues investigation into abuse of dominance by a Norwegian airline company (Widerøe)

8 July 2020

Competition: ESA discontinues Widerøe investigation* The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has discontinued an investigation regarding suspected breaches of the competition rules in the EEA Agreement. In 2016, ESA opened a formal investigation into whether Widerøe’s Flyveselskap AS (Widerøe) may (...)

UK Competition Authority The UK Competition Authority publishes a third update on its COVID-19 taskforce

3 July 2020

The CMA has published a third update from its COVID-19 taskforce, which monitors and responds to competition and consumer problems arising from the pandemic.* As part of the taskforce’s work, it has been asking the public for information about businesses behaving unfairly, for example regarding (...)

Michael Zymler, Frances M. Murphy, Joanna Christoforou The UK Competition Authority opens investigations against four pharmacies and convenience stores for suspected breaches of antitrust rules by charging excessive and unfair prices for hand sanitiser products during the COVID-19 outbreak

19 June 2020

The UK Competition and Markets Authority on June 19 announced that it had opened investigations against four pharmacies and convenience stores in relation to suspected breaches of antitrust rules by charging excessive and unfair prices for hand sanitiser products during the coronavirus (...)

Christina Renner, Izzet Sinan The EU Commission works on legislative proposals that would empower it to tackle competition distortions involving foreign government subsidies operating in or entering into the EU’s Internal Market

17 June 2020

The European Commission (EC) is currently working on legislative proposals (the White Paper) that would grant the EC new enforcement powers to address potential competition distortions caused by companies operating in or entering into the EU’s Internal Market, which benefit from subsidies from (...)

Catherine Gordley The OECD devotes a session to assess the sufficiency of current merger control frameworks to investigate and prohibit mergers

10 June 2020

From 10-12 June 2020, the OECD held its 133rd Meeting of the Competition Committee. This session was devoted to assessing the sufficiency of current merger control frameworks to investigate and – where needed – prohibit mergers that eliminate nascent competition that would other- wise challenge (...)

Jiao Hongbin The Guangzhou Intellectual Property Court rules its first trademark infringement and unfair competition case regarding parallel import, in which it finds such acts should constitute neither trademark infringement nor unfair competition (Opel Electric / Guangdong Shifu Electric)

6 May 2020

First Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition Case regarding Parallel Import Concluded by Guangzhou IP Court* Recently, Guangzhou IP Court ruled on its first trademark infringement and unfair competition case regarding parallel import, in which it found such acts should neither (...)

Kit Horsley The UK Competition Authority announces that it received a lot of complaints about cancellations and refunds through its COVID-19 Taskforce

30 April 2020

Covid-19: CMA to tackle unfair cancellation policies* The UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has announced that through its Covid-19 Taskforce, which was launched on 20 March 2020, it has received a significant number of complaints in relation to cancellations and refunds. The (...)

Jacob Millar The Ontario Court of Justice certifies a $1.0 billion foreign exchange price fixing class action in the banking sector (Mancinelli / Royal Bank of Canada)

14 April 2020

Superior Court Certifies $1.0 Billion Foreign Exchange Price Fixing Class Action* In his decision released earlier this Spring, Ontario Superior Court Justice Paul Perell certified a class action in Mancinelli v. Royal Bank of Canada claiming $1.0 Billion in damages against several large (...)

Steven Bernstein The US FTC and DoJ publish a joint statement in order to protect employers, staffing companies, recruiters and others against anticompetitive conduct in the labor markets during the COVID-19 crisis

13 April 2020

Federal Trade Commission and Justice Department Issue Joint Statement on COVID-19 and Competition in U.S. Labor Markets* As individuals across the country are working on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic as essential service providers, the federal antitrust regulators announced that (...)

Tim Kasten The French Competition Authority issues interim measures requiring a big tech company to negotiate in good faith with press publishers the terms and conditions for the re-use of their content (Google / Alliance)

9 April 2020

On 9 April 2020, the French Competition Authority (the “FCA”) issued Decision n° 20-MC-01 relative à des demandes de mesures conservatoires présentées par le Syndicat des éditeurs de la presse magazine, l’Alliance de la presse d’information générale e.a. et l’Agence France-Presse ordering interim (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Personal data • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of effectiveness • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of equivalence • Principle of proportionality • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Professional association • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)