This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

State aid (recovery)

If the Commission has taken a negative decision in the context of aid that has already been paid out, the Commission requires the Member State to recover the aid with interest from the beneficiary (unless such recovery would be contrary to a general principle of EU law). In this case, the Commission opens a ’recovery case’ to enforce the implementation of its decision. If the Member State does not comply with the decision in due time, the Commission may refer it to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), without initiating an infringement procedure under Article 258 TFEU. The aim of recovery is to remove the undue advantage granted to a company (or companies) and to restore the market to its state before the aforementioned aid was granted. There is a limitation period of ten years for recovery. European Commission

Related EU and national case law

Alain Ronzano Incompatible aid: Advocate General Saugmandsgaard Øe suggests that the Court of Justice should uphold the judgment of the General Court of the European Union concerning the incompatibility of several aid measures implemented by the Greek State in favour of a company in difficulty (Larko Geniki Metalleftiki kai Metallourgiki)

24 October 2019

Le 24 octobre 2019, l’avocat général Henrik Saugmandsgaard Øe a rendu ses conclusions dans l’affaire C-244/18 (Larko Geniki Metalleftiki kai Metallourgiki AE contre Commission européenne). On se souvient qu’à la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 1er février 2018 dans l’affaire T-412/14 (Larko Geniki (...)

Alain Ronzano State aid: The General Court of the European Union dismisses all actions against the Commission’s ’alumina II decision’ (Italian Republic, Eurallumina; Ireland, Aughinish Alumina)

17 September 2019

Le 17 septembre 2019, le Tribunal de l’Union a rendu deux arrêts dans les affaires jointes T-119/07 et T-207/07 (République italienne et Eurallumina SpA contre Commission) et dans les affaires jointes T-129/07 et T-130/07 (Irlande et Aughinish Alumina Ltd contre Commission) dans le cadre des (...)

European Commission The EU Commission finds that the marketing agreements concluded between a local Association for the Promotion of Touristic and Economic Flows and an airline company are illegal under EU State aid rules (Ryanair / Montpellier airport)

2 August 2019

State aid: France to recover €8.5 million of illegal aid to Ryanair at Montpellier airport* The European Commission has found that the marketing agreements concluded between the local Association for the Promotion of Touristic and Economic Flows (APFTE) and Ryanair at the airport of Montpellier (...)

Nicole Robins Tax rulings: An overview of EU state aid cases

1 August 2019

It is a pleasure to introduce this special issue of the e-Competitions Bulletin relating to the State aid investigations of corporate tax arrangements. Since June 2013, when the European Commission started a number of investigations of the tax rulings practices of Member States, the tax arrangements of multinationals with subsidiaries or branches in the EU have faced scrutiny by the Commission.

Alain Ronzano Recovery: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers, provided that the relevant market was effectively open to competition, that the obligation to recover incompatible aid applies to a company which provides, on the basis of a direct and exclusive allocation by a municipality, local public transport services (INPS / Azienda Napoletana Mobilità)

29 July 2019

Le 29 juillet 2019, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu un arrêt dans l’affaire C-659/17 (Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale (INPS) contre Azienda Napoletana Mobilità SpA), laquelle fait suite à une demande de décision préjudicielle formée par la Chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation (...)

Alain Ronzano Reform: The Commission adopts a new notice on the recovery of illegal state aid

22 July 2019

Le 22 juillet 2019, la Commission européenne a adopté une nouvelle communication sur la mise en œuvre des décisions de la Commission ordonnant aux États membres de récupérer des aides d’État illégales et incompatibles. Cette nouvelle communication sur la récupération remplace celle de 2007. Comme (...)

Jan Blockx The EU Commission publishes a new State aid recovery notice

22 July 2019

New EU State aid Recovery Notice strengthens Commission’s hand* On 22 July 2019, the European Commission published a new State aid Recovery Notice on its website (publication in the Official Journal of the European Union will follow). The new Notice replaces the Recovery Notice of 2007 which (...)

Clara García Fernández, Miguel Troncoso Ferrer, Sara Moya Izquierdo The EU Commission publishes new State aid recovery Notice

22 July 2019

In July 2019, the European Commission published a new Notice on the recovery of unlawful and incompatible State aid, which replaces a previous version of 2007. The aim of the 2007 Notice was to help the recovery process that follows Commission decisions ordering Member States to recover (...)

Jacques Derenne, Dimitris Vallindas The General Court of the European Union annuls the Commission’s decision for lack of jurisdiction of the Commission on the State aid matter (Micula)

18 June 2019

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION, INVESTMENT PROTECTION AND EU STATE AID RULES: THE GENERAL COURT OF THE EU ANNULS THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION’S STATE AID DECISION IN THE MICULA CASE In a long-awaited ruling of June 18, 2019, the General Court of the European Union (“GCEU”) annulled the European (...)

Alain Ronzano Illegal aid: The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses the two preliminary objections raised by the French Conseil d’État concerning the recovery of an illegal and incompatible aid from an agricultural producer (Copebi / FranceAgriMer)

13 June 2019

Le 13 juin 2019, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu un arrêt dans l’affaire C-505/18 (Copebi SCA contre FranceAgriMer), laquelle fait suite à la demande de décision préjudicielle introduite par le Conseil d’État français. À l’origine de l’affaire se trouvent des aides d’un montant de 330 millions (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Recovery: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms that a decision of the European Commission concerning an aid scheme named “campaign plans,” implemented by France in the fruit and vegetable sector, covers aids paid to producers of cherries, despite the peculiarities of these aids (Copebi)

13 June 2019

S’il est bien court, le temps des cerises, tel n’est pas le cas de celui des litiges concernant les aides d’État découlant des fameux “plans de campagne” français. En effet, ceux-ci font – à nouveau – l’actualité, à la faveur de l’arrêt sous commentaire concernant la récupération d’aides versées aux (...)

Alain Ronzano Recovery: Advocate General Hogan presents his opinion in a local case raising the issue of the effect on trade between Member States and competition at the recovery stage of the State aid (INPS / Azienda Napoletana Mobilità)

6 June 2019

Le 6 juin 2019, l’avocat général Hogan a présenté ses conclusions dans l’affaire C-659/17 (Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale (INPS) contre Azienda Napoletana Mobilità SpA), laquelle fait suite à une demande de décision préjudicielle formée par la Chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation (...)

Jacques Derenne Judicial activity: The Court of Justice of the European Union publishes its 2018 annual report (2018 Report)

1 June 2019

La Cour a publié sur son site son rapport annuel pour l’année 2018. C’est l’occasion de revenir sur les grandes tendances de la jurisprudence telles que “ressenties” par la Cour et le Tribunal et sur certaines statistiques intéressantes. On épinglera quelques informations relatives aux aides d’État. (...)

Clara García Fernández, Miguel Troncoso Ferrer, Sara Moya Izquierdo The EU General Court annuls the Commission decision ordering Spain to recover € 18 million of incompatible State aid (Real Madrid)

22 May 2019

On 22 May 2019, the General Court rendered its judgment on the action for annulment filed by Real Madrid against the Commission Decision of 4 July 2018 that (i) declared that the football club had been granted incompatible State aid worth EUR 18 million; and (ii) ordered Spain to recover this (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Jurisdiction: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that a national court cannot assess whether a residence condition provided by a mechanism for the refund of dividend tax complies with Article 63(1) TFEU, where this mechanism constitutes an aid scheme (A-Fonds)

2 May 2019

Une juridiction nationale est-elle compétente pour apprécier la compatibilité d’une condition d’application d’un régime d’aide indissociablement liée à l’objet de celui-ci ? Cette question, qui n’est pas nouvelle, a été de nouveau posée à la Cour dans l’affaire A-Fonds, avec la particularité que la condition (...)

Francesco Martucci Recovery: The French Administrative Supreme Court clarifies the litigation regarding illegal State aid granted to an undertaking in judicial liquidation (CELF)

5 April 2019

Par un arrêt en date du 5 avril 2019, le Conseil d’État écarte la reconnaissance d’une impossibilité absolue de récupérer une aide d’État illégalement versée à une entreprise placée en liquidation judiciaire. En l’espèce, la société Mandataires Judiciaires Associés, agissant en qualité de mandataire (...)

Alain Ronzano Unlawful aid: The Court of Justice of the European Union asserts the State members’ competition authorities have the duty to recover the unlawful State aid in presence of a violation of the incentive effect criterion (Eesti Pagar)

5 March 2019

Estimant que les autorités des États membres doivent s’en tenir à un contrôle purement formel de la condition tenant à l’effet incitatif des aides aux PME, requise par l’article 8, § 2, du règlement général d’exemption par catégorie, la Cour de justice dit pour droit que lesdites autorités ont l’obligation (...)

Markus Wellinger The EU Court of Justice provides guidance on the duty of recovery in case of non-compliance with Block Exemption Regulation (Eesti Pagar)

5 March 2019

On 5 March 2019, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “ECJ”) delivered a judgment on a request for preliminary ruling by the Court of Appeal of Tallinn, Estonia, concerning a dispute on certain State aid granted by the Estonian authorities to Eesti Pagar, an Estonian bakery founded in (...)

Jacques Derenne Recovery: The Court of Justice of the European Union clarifies the obligations of the national authorities for the recovery of unlawful aid for non-respect of the conditions of the general block exemption regulation (Eesti Pagar)

5 March 2019

C’est en formation de grande chambre que la Cour vient confirmer et clarifier certains principes fondamentaux relatifs aux obligations des autorités nationales administratives confrontées à des aides illégales. La plupart de ces principes étaient déjà contenus dans la jurisprudence ou pouvaient très (...)

Clara García Fernández, Miguel Troncoso Ferrer, Sara Moya Izquierdo The EU General Court annuls Commission’s state aid decision concerning Spanish tax regime (Athletic Club)

26 February 2019

In 2016, the Commission adopted a decision declaring that four Spanish professional football clubs (i.e., Fútbol Club Barcelona, Club Atlético Osasuna, Athletic Club and Real Madrid Club de Fútbol) had received incompatible state aid in the form of corporate tax privileges. As a consequence, Spain (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Tax advantage: The General Court of the European Union examines the legality of decisions of the European Commission concerning the measures in favour of Spanish professional football clubs (Athletic Club, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Hércules Club de Fútbol)

26 February 2019

Depuis plusieurs années, la situation des clubs de football professionnels fait l’objet d’une attention particulière de la Commission sous l’angle des règles en matière d’aides d’État. C’est ainsi que, en octobre 2012, elle a adressé une lettre à tous les États membres pour recueillir des informations sur (...)

Markus Wellinger The EU Commission launches a public consultation on its Draft Notice on the recovery of unlawful and incompatible State aid

4 February 2019

On 4 February 2019, the European Commission launched a public consultation on a Draft Notice on the recovery of unlawful and incompatible State aid. The Draft Notice is intended to replace the 2007 recovery notice, reflecting changes in the Commission’s practice and case law developments since (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Statute of limitations: The Court of Justice of the European Union rules that the expiration of the 10-year limitation period for the recovery of unlawful State aid does not deprive of any basis an action for damages brought against the Member State which granted them (Fallimento Traghetti del Mediterraneo)

23 January 2019

Les aides accordées par les autorités italiennes au groupe de navigation Tirrenia alimentent régulièrement le prétoire des juridictions italiennes et européennes. Cette véritable saga judiciaire s’apparente, pour le juge de l’Union, au sparadrap du capitaine Haddock dans “l’affaire Tournesol” (voir, (...)

Alain Ronzano Control: The European Commission extends the general regulation on block exemption and the de minimis regulation, as well as several guidelines and communications, and begins a quality audit (Modernization of State aid control)

7 January 2019

La Commission entend prolonger jusqu’en 2022 le règlement général d’exemption par catégorie (RGEC) et le règlement de minimis, ainsi que plusieurs lignes directrices et communication et entame une évaluation sous la forme d’un « bilan de qualité » de l’ensemble des règles adoptées dans le cadre de la (...)

European Commission The EU Commission finds that Gibraltar’s tax rulings favouring multinational companies are illegal under EU State aid rules (Gibraltar’s tax rulings)

19 December 2018

State aid: Commission concludes Gibraltar gave around €100 million of illegal tax advantages to multinational companies* The European Commission has found that Gibraltar’s corporate tax exemption regime for interest and royalties, as well as five tax rulings, are illegal under EU State aid (...)

European Commission The EU Commission finds that a Romanian petrochemical company received around €335 million of incompatible aid (Oltchim)

17 December 2018

State aid: Romania needs to recover incompatible aid from petrochemical company Oltchim* The European Commission has found that Romanian petrochemical company Oltchim received around €335 million of incompatible aid from Romania, since the company’s failed privatisation in September 2012. (...)

European Commission The EU Commission decides to refer Romania to the EU Court of Justice for failing to fully recover illegal State aid (Viorel / Ioan Micula)

7 December 2018

State aid: Commission refers Romania to Court for failure to recover illegal aid worth up to €92 million* The European Commission has decided to refer Romania to the European Court of Justice for failing to fully recover illegal State aid worth up to €92 million from Viorel and Ioan Micula and (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU General Court clarifies both the date on which State aid is deemed to be granted and the scope of public service obligations (ARFEA)

29 November 2018

Article published on StateAidHub: http://stateaidhub.eu, republished in e-Competitions with the courtesy of the author. The original title of this article appears below the e-Competitions title. Authors are welcome to write an alternative article on this case/text, provided they have no (...)

Alain Ronzano Existing aid: The General Court of the European Union confirms the European Commission’s decision approving and making binding the commitments made by the Kingdom of the Netherlands to amend the Dutch social housing financing system (Stichting Woonlinie, Woningstichting Volksbelang, Stichting Woonstede)

15 November 2018

À la faveur d’un arrêt rendu, après un deuxième renvoi, le 15 novembre 2018 dans les affaires jointes T-202/10 RENV II et T-203/10 RENV II, le Tribunal de l’Union rejette dans leur intégralité les recours introduits par six wocos contre la décision de la Commission rendue le 15 décembre 2009 par (...)

Jacques Derenne, Ciara Barbu-O’Connor Selectivity : The General Court of the European Union upholds decisions of the European Commission classifying the Spanish tax scheme as State aid incompatible with the internal market (Deutsche Telekom)

15 November 2018

Le 15 novembre 2018, le Tribunal a rendu plusieurs arrêts qui font suite à l’arrêt World Duty Free du 21 décembre 2016 (aff. C-20/15 P et C-21/15 P - voir notre commentaire dans Concurrences, n° 1-2017, pp. 153-163) qui avait annulé deux arrêts du Tribunal (arrêts du 7 nov. 2014, aff. T-219/10, (...)

European Commission The EU Commission finds that an energy producer received around €60 million of incompatible State aid from Romania (CE Hunedoara)

8 November 2018

State aid: Romania needs to recover around €60 million of incompatible aid from energy producer CE Hunedoara* The European Commission has found that energy producer Complexul Energetic Hunedoara (CE Hunedoara) received around €60 million of incompatible State aid from Romania through four (...)

Alain Ronzano Exoneration: The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls the decision of the General Court as the European Commission denounced the recuperation of unlawful aid in the form of exemption from the municipal tax on buildings, because of the lack of proof of the absolute impossibility of recovery (Scuola Elementare Marie Montessori / Commission)

6 November 2018

Le 6 novembre 2018, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu son arrêt dans les affaires jointes C-622/16 à C-624/16 (Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori Srl e.a), concernant la taxe municipale sur les biens immobiliers italienne. En l’espèce, la Commission avait constaté, aux termes d’une décision (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Court of Justice finds that recovery of unlawful State aid is only impossible if the difficulties claimed by the Member State are real and there are no alternative methods of recovery (Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori)

6 November 2018

European Commission The EU Commission approves most of a French aid granted to electricity-intensive companies but asks France to recover part of the aid

31 July 2018

State aid: Commission approves most of the electricity contribution reductions granted to electricity-intensive companies in France in 2003-15 and asks France to recover part of the reductions* The European Commission has approved most of the electricity contribution reductions granted to (...)

Francesco Martucci State aid: The French Administrative Supreme Court refers two questions on preliminary rulings on the recovery of state aid (COPEBI ; Conserve Gard)

26 July 2018

Par deux arrêts en date du 26 juillet 2018, le Conseil d’État a posé une question préjudicielle à la Cour de justice en vue d’obtenir une interprétation des dispositions d’une décision de la Commission ordonnant la récupération d’une aide d’État incompatible. En l’occurrence, l’ONIFLHOR (Office national (...)

Alain Ronzano SGIE: The General Court of the European Union rejects the appeals on the decision of the Commission on the incompatibility of the aids attributed to passenger transport bus in the Campania region (Buonotourist, Azienda della Mobilita)

11 July 2018

Le 11 juillet 2018, le Tribunal de l’Union a rendu deux arrêts en termes identiques dans les affaires d’aides d’État T-185/15 (Buonotourist contre Commission) et T-186/15 (CSTP Azienda della Mobilità contre Commission).   Les recours en annulation des deux décisions rendues le 19 janvier 2015 par la (...)

European Commission The EU Commission imposes to Spain to recover around €167 million corresponding to illegal tax benefits granted to a postal operator (Correos)

10 July 2018

State aid: Spain needs to recover around €167 million of incompatible aid from postal operator Correos* The European Commission has found that Correos, the publicly-owned Spanish postal operator, was overcompensated for the delivery of its universal postal service obligation between 2004 and (...)

Alain Ronzano Restructuring clause: The Court of Justice of the European Union states that the restructuring clause of the German tax law towards distress companies has been wrongfully appreciated (Dirk Andres)

28 June 2018

Le 28 juin 2018, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu quatre arrêts, rédigés dans des termes quasi identiques, à propos de l’affaire d’aides d’État concernant le régime d’aides découlant de la clause d’assainissement prévue par la loi allemande relative à l’impôt sur les sociétés en faveur des entreprises (...)

European Commission The EU Commission demands that Luxembourg recovers around €120 million corresponding to illegal tax benefits granted to an energy provider (Engie)

20 June 2018

State aid: Commission finds Luxembourg gave illegal tax benefits to Engie; has to recover around €120 million* The European Commission has found that Luxembourg allowed two Engie group companies to avoid paying taxes on almost all their profits for about a decade. This is illegal under EU State (...)

European Commission The EU Commission imposes to Germany to recover illegal aid from certain large electricity users exempted from network charges

28 May 2018

State aid: Germany needs to recover illegal aid from certain large electricity users exempted from network charges in Germany in 2012-2013* The European Commission has concluded that the exemption for certain large electricity users in Germany from network charges in 2012-2013 was against EU (...)

Alain Ronzano State aids: Advocate General Wathelet suggests the Court of Justice of the European Union to annul the judgement of the General Court considering that the European Commission could note the impossibility to recover the illegal state aid during the administrative procedure (Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori)

11 April 2018

Le 11 avril 2018, l’avocat général Melchior Wathelet a présenté ses conclusions dans les affaires jointes C-622/16 à C-624/16 (Scuola Elementare Maria Montessori Srl e.a) concernant la taxe municipale sur les biens immobiliers italienne.   Il y parvient à la conclusion que l’arrêt du 15 septembre 2016 (...)

Alain Ronzano State aids: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the violation of the conditions concerning the reorganization of a company and the inapplicability of the private investor test in this case and rejects the appeal by a major actor of the rail sector (SNCF Mobilites)

7 March 2018

Las ! La Cour de justice de l’Union européenne n’a pas été sensible aux arguments de la SNCF. Elle rejette, à la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 7 mars 2018 dans l’affaire C-127/16 (SNCF Mobilités contre Commission européenne), l’intégralité des sept moyens développés par l’opérateur historique dans son pourvoi (...)

Jacques Derenne Private investor test: The Court of justice of the European Union rejects an appeal against a judgment of the General Court of the European Union confirming, firstly the economic continuity between a seller and an acquirer of the shares of a company being the legal successor of the beneficiary of the aid to be recovered and, secondly the non-applicability of the private investor test to an aid recovery situation where the State acts as public power (SNCF Mobilités)

7 March 2018

Les difficultés de Sernam, la société de messagerie et de transport express de colis et palettes détenue à 100 % par la Société nationale des chemins de français (SNCF), ont généré de multiples questions d’aides d’État depuis 2001. Contexte juridique et factuel Une première décision de la Commission (...)

Albert Sánchez Graells The EU Court of Justice holds that it’s not acceptable for the assets to be transferred to a bidder that had initially participated in the process as a member of a consortium when analyzing a measure of State aid for restructuring and recapitalisation involving a bidding process (SNCF Mobilités)

7 March 2018

Do EU procurement & State aid rules conflict on possibility for consortium members to ’go it alone’? (C-127/16 P)* In its Judgment of 7 March 2018 in SNCF Mobilités v Commission, C-127/16 P, EU:C:2018:165, in the context of the analysis of a measure of State aid for restructuring and (...)

Clara García Fernández, Miguel Troncoso Ferrer, Sara Moya Izquierdo The EU General Court reverses the suspension of the recovery order addressed to Spain in relation to a State aid granted to an energy company (Iberdrola)

20 February 2018

On 15 October 2014, the Commission found that Spanish tax breaks for indirect shareholding in foreign companies breached EU State Aid rules. The measures were in force since 2001 and, in practical terms, allowed companies subject to tax in Spain to purchase shareholding of at least 5% in (...)

Alain Ronzano Reimbursement of an aid: The General Court of the European Union fully confirms the decision of the Commission concluding on the incompatibility of states aid measures executed by Greece in favor of a distress company (Larko Geniki)

1 February 2018

À la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 1er février 2018 dans l’affaire T-412/14 (Larko Geniki Metalleftiki kai Metallourgiki AE contre Commission), le Tribunal de l’Union est venu confirmer en tous points la décision de la Commission du 27 mars 2014concluant à l’incompatibilité de plusieurs mesures d’aides (...)

Bruno Stromsky Natural disaster: The General Court of the European Union rules that the European Commission rightly prohibited the payment of incompatible State aids to beneficiaries who could not provide evidence of a damage caused by a natural disaster, due to the delay elapsed since that event (Centro Clinico e Diagnostica G.B. Morgagni)

26 January 2018

L’Italie a l’habitude d’accorder, bien après les faits, des aides fiscales aux entreprises situées dans des régions ayant subi des calamités naturelles, sans que ces aides correspondent d’ailleurs au montant d’un dommage subi du fait de ces calamités. C’est ainsi qu’à la suite d’un tremblement de terre (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU General Court affirms a Commission decision ordering the recovery of incompatible State aid granted by Belgium to an airport (Brussels South Charleroi Airport)

25 January 2018

Phedon Nicolaides The EU General Court affirms a Commission decision finding that Greek container terminal operators received incompatible State aid which must be recovered (Hellenic Republic / Commission)

13 December 2017

* Article published on StateAidHub: http://stateaidhub.eu, republished in e-Competitions with the courtesy of the author. The original title of this article appears below the e-Competitions title. Authors are welcome to write an alternative article on this case/text, provided they have no (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Takeover: The French Supreme Administrative Court applies a Court of justice of the European Union’s caselaw on State aid recovery when the beneficiary undertaking was subject to a takeover but has retained its legal personality and has continued to carry out, for its own account, the activities subsidized by the State aid (Railtech International)

24 November 2017

Le contentieux relatif au régime d’aides illégal découlant de l’article 44 septies du Code général des impôts demeure vivace devant les juridictions françaises (pour des exemples antérieurs, voir J. Derenne, Concurrences, n° 3-2013, p. 134). Après que le Conseil d’État a récemment rejeté le pourvoi d’une (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Institutions • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Politique de concurrence • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of effectiveness • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of equivalence • Principle of proportionnality • Privacy • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Professional association • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax exemption) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)