Commission, European

This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

Concerted practices

Co-ordination between undertakings which, without having reached the stage of concluding a formal agreement, have knowingly substituted practical co-operation for the risks of competition. A concerted practice can be constituted by direct or indirect contact between firms whose intention or effect is either to influence the conduct of the market or to disclose intended future behaviour to competitors. © European Commission

Related EU and national case law

Alain Ronzano Exchange of information: The French Competition Authority dismisses a case relating to practices in the car rental sector due to lack of evidence of the strategic nature of the information and of other concerted practices (Aéroports de Paris et al.)

27 February 2017

C’est une bien intéressante décision que vient de rendre l’Autorité de la concurrence le 27 février 2017 dans l’affaire des échanges d’informations relevées dans le secteur de la location de voitures, laquelle décision donnera assurément du baume au cœur à ceux — nombreux — qui s’interrogent dans les (...)

Christophe Lemaire, Simon Naudin Assessment of commitments: The French Competition Authority publishes for the first time an assessment on the effectiveness of commitments still binding (Booking.com)

9 February 2017

L’Autorité de la concurrence a rendu public, le 9 février 2017, un bilan d’étape des engagements pris par Booking.com dans le cadre de la décision n° 15-D-06 du 21 avril 2015 concernant le secteur de la réservation hôtelière en ligne. Ce rapport, qui intervient 18 mois après l’entrée en vigueur des (...)

Alain Ronzano Concerted practices: The Paris Court of Appeal annuls a decision by the former Competition Council on procedural grounds but confirms its analysis in an old case of anti-competitive practices in the cement industry (Cemex/Unibeton)

15 December 2016

Le 15 décembre 2016, la Cour d’appel de Paris a rendu, dans la vieille affaire du béton prêt à l’emploi dans la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, un arrêt sur le recours des sociétés Cemex Bétons, Cemex France Gestion et Unibéton contre la décision du Conseil de la concurrence n° 97-D-39 du 17 juin 1997 (...)

Michel Debroux Infraction by object : The General Court of the European Union confirms that the exchange of commercially sensitive information between competitors can constitute a restriction of competition by object (Infineon Technologies ; Philips)

15 December 2016

Les échanges d’informations commerciales sensibles entre concurrents peuvent-ils en tant que tels et hors concertation explicite sur les prix ou répartition de clients ou de marchés, constituer une infraction par l’objet ? Telle est l’une des principales questions, déjà traitée par la Cour dans (...)

Alain Ronzano Concerted practices: The Paris Court of Appeal annuls a decision by the former Competition Council on procedural grounds but confirms its analysis in an old case of anti-competitive practices in the public works sector in Southern France (Colas Midi Méditerranée)

1 December 2016

Appelée, à la suite de trois renvois successifs après cassation, à se prononcer dans une très vieille affaire — celle des marchés publics dans le secteur des travaux routiers, du terrassement, des canalisations et de l’assainissement dans le département du Var — dont les faits remontent à 1988, la Cour (...)

Belgian Competition Authority The Belgian Competition Authority carries inspections at several undertakings active in the wholesale distribution of pharmaceutical and para-pharmaceuticals products to pharmacies

21 November 2016

The Belgian Competition Authority confirms inspections at several companies active in the wholesale distribution of pharmaceutical and para-pharmaceuticals products to pharmacies* The Investigation and Prosecution Service of the Belgian Competition Authority (hereafter “BCA”) confirms that the (...)

Alain Ronzano Calculation of the amount of the fine: The Paris Court of Appeal confirms almost in full the French NCA’s decision in the home and personal care products case, including a billion Euro fine (Beiersdorf et al.)

27 October 2016

À la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 27 octobre 2016, la Cour d’appel de Paris est venue confirmer presque intégralement la décision n° 14-D-19 du 18 décembre 2014 relative à des pratiques mises en œuvre dans le secteur des produits d’entretien et des insecticides et dans le secteur des produits d’hygiène et (...)

European Competition Network Brief The EFTA Surveillance Authority investigates members of the Norwegian banking sector for suspected breaches of competition rules (DNB / Nordea / Finance Norway / BankID)

25 October 2016

ESA investigates DNB, Nordea, Finance Norway and BankID* The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has opened proceedings against DNB, Nordea, Finance Norway and BankID for suspected breaches of the competition rules in the EEA Agreement. Bits, a related organisation to Finance Norway, will also (...)

Michele Giannino The Italian Lazio Administrative Court upholds almost all the findings of the Competition Authority of a collusion in public contracts procurement (School Cleaning Services)

14 October 2016

The Regional Administrative Court for Latium (the Court) has recently handed down four judgments on the appeals filed against the infringement decision made by the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) in the School Cleaning Services case [[ICA, decision of 22 December 2015, Case I785 Gara (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Romanian Competition Authority fines seven companies in the maritime pilotage and towage services market for prohibited agreements and abuse of dominance by incumbent national company (Canal Sea Services / CNAPM)

6 September 2016

Competition Council applies fines on seven companies active in the Romanian maritime harbours* The Competition Council finalised the investigation on the markets for pilotage and towage services and found an infringement of Article 101 TFEU and Article 5(1) of the Competition Law by Canal Sea (...)

Christopher Thomas, Dina Jubrail, Gianni de Stefano The EU Court of Justice issues a preliminary ruling on the liability for anti-competitive behaviour by employees and outside contractors (VM Remonts)

21 July 2016

Liability for anti-competitive behaviour by your employees and outside contractors: when you are off the hook and when you are not* In its recent VM Remonts judgment, the Court of Justice of the EU has confirmed the strict liability of companies for the anti-competitive behaviour of their (...)

Alain Ronzano Local anti-competitive practices: The French Competition Authority publishes a decision relating to practices in the sector of social housing in Grenoble (ACTIS)

12 July 2016

Le 24 août 2016, l’Autorité de la concurrence a également rendu publique une décision n° 16-D-16 du 12 juillet 2016 relative à des pratiques mises en œuvre dans le secteur du logement social de la ville de Grenoble, lesquelles semblent relever des pratiques de dimension locale, habituellement laissées (...)

Richard Burton The EU Commission seeks feedback on commitments offered by container liner shipping companies (Liner Shipping Case)

7 July 2016

While public price announcements are common commercial practice in many markets, such announcements may be challenged as illegal price signalling if they have the object or effect of restricting competition among suppliers. The question remains, however, whether such announcements are (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Danish Competition Authority orders the association of film distributors and cinemas to terminate anticompetitive agreements that restrict cinemas in granting discounts on tickets (FAFID / Danske Biografer)

25 May 2016

The Danish Competition Council finds agreements limiting the ability of cinemas to grant discounts on ticket prices anticompetitive* On May 25 2016 the Danish Competition Council (“DCC”) issued a decision finding that the Association of Danish Film Distributors (“FAFID”) and the Association of (...)

Hungarian Competition Authority The Hungarian Competition Authority fines several tenderers for bid-rigging in public procurements on broadcasting vehicles (LIGA TV)

9 May 2016

Fine imposed by the GVH concerning public procurements* According to the decision of the GVH, Finella Investment Kft. (the successor of HTD Szaknévsor Kiadó Kft.), JRM Produkció Kft., LIGA TV Kft. (LIGA TV), “PUPU Produkció” Filmgyártó Kft., and Nosztalgia-Design Kft. concerted their practices with (...)

Czech Competition Authority The Czech Competition Office fines several construction companies that coordinated their bids in public tenders

4 May 2016

More fines imposed for prohibited agreements of construction companies* On the 4 May 2016, the Office for the Protection of Competition adopted its first instance decision regarding the so-called small construction cartel. In the decision, the Office imposed fines amounting to CZK 278 million (...)

Christophe Lemaire, Sarah Chikh Concerted practices: The European Commission seeks observations from interested third parties on commitments offered by fifteen container liner shipping companies to address competition concerns as regard to likely concerted practices (Container Shipping)

16 February 2016

Dans le cadre d’une procédure ouverte les 21 novembre 2013 et 13 novembre 2015, la Commission a estimé que la pratique des compagnies de transporteurs maritimes consistant à publier leurs intentions en matière d’augmentation future des prix était de nature à faire naitre des préoccupations de (...)

Jérémie Jourdan The EU Court of Justice clarifies certain aspects of the review of legality and the unlimited jurisdiction regarding fines (Galp)

21 January 2016

Abstract: The Galp case provides helpful clarifications on the judicial review of competition law decisions: • The review of legality implies the review of all the elements of a Commission decision, including new evidence submitted for the first time by the applicant in the course of the Court (...)

Alain Ronzano Concerted practice: The Court of Justice of the European Union rules on the standard of proof for the participation of travel agencies in a practice that was facilitated by the administrator of an online travel booking system (Eturas)

21 January 2016

Le 22 janvier 2016, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu public un arrêt également rendu la veille dans l’affaire C-74/14 (Eturas UAB e.a.), et ce, à la suite d’une demande de décision préjudicielle introduite par la Cour administrative suprême de Lituanie. Au coeur de la présente affaire se trouve un (...)

Grzegorz Materna The Polish President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection imposes sanctions on two undertakings for colluding in public-institution tenders for the supply of bread (Natex / Dziewit)

30 December 2015

I.Introductory remarks In its decision no RKR-18/2015 dated 30 December 2015 (the “Decision”,) the Polish Office for Competition and Consumer Protection (“OCCP”) sanctioned two undertakings from the Subcarpatian Voivodship in Poland: „Firma Produkcyjno Usługowa NATEX Sylwia Graniczka” (”Natex”), a (...)

Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi Lack of motivation: The General Court of the European Union annuls the Commission decision in the air cargo cartel, because of a contradiction between the statement of objections and the operative part of the decision (Cargo cartel)

18 December 2015

Révélée grâce au programme de clémence, l’entente nouée entre vingt-et-un transporteurs aériens quant à la fixation d’une “surtaxe carburant” et d’une “surtaxe sécurité” avait été condamnée par la Commission, par une décision du 9 décembre 2010 (décision C (2010) 7694 final). On se souvient qu’Air France avait (...)

Alain Ronzano Preliminary ruling: Advocate General Wathelet invites the Court of Justice to establish a rebuttable presumption that companies are liable for the actions of third party contractors that breach EU competition law (VM Remonts)

3 December 2015

CJUE, Avocat général, 3 décembre 2015, conclusions dans l’affaire C-542/14 (VM Remonts) Le 3 décembre 2015, l’avocat général Melchior Wathelet a présenté ses conclusions dans l’affaire C-542/14 (VM Remonts SIA) qui fait suite à une demande de décision préjudicielle introduite par la Cour suprême lettone. (...)

Alfonso Lamadrid De Pablo, Sam Villiers The EU Court of Justice dismisses the appeal against a judgment of the General Court upholding cartel facilitator liability (AC-Treuhand)

22 October 2015

You may remember that earlier this year we commented on AG Wahl’s Opinion in AC-Treuhand (C-194/14 P) and anticipated that, in spite of its thought provoking reasoning, it was likely not to be followed by the Court. Well, the ECJ’s Judgment was released on Thursday, and, as expected, the General (...)

Collette Rawnsley, Geert Goeteyn, Stephen Mavroghenis, Trevor Soames The EU Court of Justice confirms that consulting firms may be held liable and fined for cartel facilitation (AC‑Treuhand)

22 October 2015

The Court of Justice has confirmed that consultancy firms may be held liable and fined for cartel infringements where they contribute to the implementation and continuation of cartels even if they are not active on the affected market(s). Background In 2009, the Commission fined a number of (...)

Michele Giannino The Italian Council of State says that major ferry companies did not agree to increase fares for the Sardinia-Continental Italy maritime links (Sardinia Ferries Fares)

4 September 2015

By a recent judgment made on 11 June 2013 in the Sardinia Ferries Fares case1, the Italian Council of State (CS) has rejected the appeal filed by the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) against the judgment of administrative court of first instance (Tar Lazio)2, which overturned the (...)

Jean-François Guillardeau, Sue Aspinall The UK Competition Authority fines an association of undertakings for anti-competitive information exchange and pricing agreements (Consultant Eye Surgeon Partnership)

20 August 2015

I. Background On 26 May 2013, the UK Competition Authority (the OFT at the time), received a complaint alleging concerns that Consultant Eye Surgeon Limited Liability Partnerships (“LLPs”), via their membership association CESP Limited (“CESP Ltd”), were agreeing prices and sharing prices and (...)

Jorge Marcos Ramos, Marta Centell Ribas The Spanish Competition Authority fines undertakings for an agreement and concerted practices during the purchase of soccer broadcasting rights (Telefónica / DTS)

23 July 2015

I. The Parties. Defendants: DTS Distribuidora de Televisión Digital, S.A. (DTS) is a company specialising in the management of the platform of satellite pay-TV Canal+. Grupo Telefónica is a group of companies specialising in telecommunications formed by the parent company Telefónica, S.A. and (...)

Gabriele Accardo The ECJ Advocate General Szpunar issues opinion on circumstances where the use of an online booking system by travel agents may amount to a concerted practice (Eturas)

16 July 2015

EU Court of Justice’s Advocate General issues opinion on circumstances where the use of an online booking system by travel agents may amount to a concerted practice* On 16 July 2015 Advocate General Szupnar handed down his opinion following a request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Dutch Competition Authority recommends reducing barriers to entry in the national market for SME loans (ABN AMRO, ING, Rabobank)

30 June 2015

Limited competition on Dutch market for SME-finance* ACM has investigated competition among banks active in the Dutch market for SME loans. ACM concludes that there is insufficient competition among banks in this market. The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) has concluded (...)

Jean-François Guillardeau The Belgian Competition Authority adopts its first settlement decision and fines retailers and producers of home and personal care products (Cartel de la beauté)

22 June 2015

I. Background On 18 September 2006 the Belgian Competition Authority (BCA) opened an investigation into the Home and Personal Care (HPC) market in Belgium following Colgate’s leniency application. Few months later the BCA carried out dawn raids at the premises of the main large retailers in (...)

Jared Klaus, Jay L. Levine The US DOJ opens an investigation on a movie theater chain (Regal, AMC, Cinemark Holdings)

1 June 2015

Antitrust Probe of Movie Theater Chains Enters Next Act* The U.S. Department of Justice has turned its spotlight on AMC Entertainment, Inc. in the government’s antitrust probe of the nation’s movie theater industry. In an 8-K filed Monday with the Securities and Exchange Commission, AMC (...)

Armando Martins Ferreira The Portuguese Competition Authority sends statement of objections to 15 banking institutions for allegedly exchanging sensitive data regarding the supply of retail-banking loan products (Barclays)

29 May 2015

The Portuguese Competition Authority confirmed having sent a Statement of Objections to 15 banks for suspected participation in a concerted practice. According to the last press release issued by the Portuguese Competition Authority on June 5, 2015, the Statement of Objections was issued on May (...)

Russian Competition Authority The Russian Supreme Court confirms that companies have restricted competition on the market of residential housing construction (Spetspromsnab)

7 May 2015

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation supported a decision of Lipetsk OFAS* The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation supported the Office of the Federal Antimonopoly Service in the Lipetsk region (Lipetsk OFAS) and dismissed a claim of “Spetspromsnab” SU” Ltd. to transfer a supervisory (...)

Silvia Pietrini 630.Italy : The Italian Supreme Administrative Court defines the burden of proof of the Competition Authority in case of parallel behaviour (’Expensive ferry’)

14 April 2015

Par un arrêt du 14 avril 2015, publié le 4 septembre, le Conseil d’État a rejeté le recours présenté par l’Autorité garante de la concurrence et du marché (ci-après “AGCM”) contre la décision du Tribunal administratif du Latium (ci-après “TAR Latium”) qui, en 2014, avait annulé la décision rendue dans (...)

Hellenic Competition Authority The Hellenic Competition Commission examines whether tobacco manufacturers impede competition in the market of tobacco distribution (Papastratos Cigarette Manufacturing Company, British American Tobacco Hellas)

13 March 2015

Investigation of complaints by tobacco distributors against tobacco manufacturers and review of proposed commitments by tobacco manufacturers to meet competition concerns expressed to them by the HCC in its preliminary assessment* The Hellenic Competition Commission (HCC), in plenary, will (...)

Jean-François Guillardeau The French Competition Authority imposes a €192.7 million fine on yoghurt producers for a cartel regarding retailer-branded dairy products (Yoghurt cartel)

11 March 2015

Background Between 2007 and 2009, milk producers faced a severe crisis due to strong variations in the price at which they could produce milk. This impacted input prices for dairy products producers in France, most of which are bound by purchase agreements with milk producers. Sales to (...)

Alain Ronzano Fine: The French Competition Authority sanctions heavily an anti-competitive agreement on dairy products sold under retailers’ private labels (Yoplait et al.)

11 March 2015

Autorité de la concurrence, 11 mars 2015, décision n° 15-D-03 (Yoplait et al.) L’Autorité de la concurrence a encore frappé... et fort ! Et encore une fois sur les opérateurs de l’agroalimentaire dans leur relation avec la grande distribution. Après le milliard d’amendes ou presque prononcé en décembre (...)

Russian Competition Authority The Arbitration Court of Moscow confirms the sanctions imposed on an association having restricted competition but reduced the fine pronounced (Association of Operators of Orenburg Regional Alcohol Market)

13 February 2015

In the course of the case reconsideration, Court confirmed legitimacy of FAS decision with regard to the “Association of Operators of Orenburg Regional Alcohol Market”* On 13 February 2015, the 18th Arbitration Appeal Court partly allowed an appeal of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS (...)

Belgian Competition Authority The Belgian Competition Authority issues a notice concerning the informal opinions of its President

27 January 2015

The Belgian Competition Authority publishes a Notice concerning the informal opinions of the President* The notice concerning the informal opinions of the President gives guidance on the conditions that may enable the President to issue an informal opinion and on the way to proceed. The (...)

Sergiy Glushchenko The Higher Commercial Court of Ukraine confirms a decision alleging bid rigging between a parent company and its subsidiary forming part of the same economic entity (Star Line)

20 January 2015

Headnote: The decision of the Territorial Division of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (the AMC) alleging bid rigging in a public tender between a parent company and its subsidiary forming part of the same economic entity is upheld by the Higher Commercial Court of Ukraine (the HCCU) on (...)

Japanese Competition Authority The Japan Fair Trade Commission issues a cease and desist order against members of an association and imposes surcharges on them for having substantially restrained competition in the market of the concrete products (Abashiri Concrete Products Association)

14 January 2015

The JFTC issued cease and desist order to Abashiri Concrete Products Association and surcharge payment orders to members of the Association* The Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) today issued cease and desist order to Abashiri Concrete Products Association (hereinafter referred to as the (...)

Jr. Don T. Hibner The US Court of Appeal for the 5th Circuit dismisses a claim against a standard setting association because of lack of evidence supporting an actionable conspiracy or monopoly (Abraham & Veneklasen / AQHA)

14 January 2015

American Quarter Horse Association Rule Against Registration of Cloned Horses Found Not To Violate Sherman Act* A Matsushita “Quick Look” Analysis Demonstrates that While Plausible, No Evidence Supports An Actionable Conspiracy or Monopoly. Abraham & Veneklasen Joint Venture et al. v. Am. (...)

Czech Competition Authority The Czech Office for the Protection of Competition imposes fines on two undertakings for bid-rigging in the medical equipment for hospitals market (Hospimed and Puro-Klima)

22 December 2014

Puro-Klima and Hospimed coordinated their bids within public tenders for medical equipment* The Office for the Protection of Competition (hereinafter referred to as “the Office”) detected and sanctioned anticompetitive behavior conducted by undertakings HOSPIMED, spol. s.r.o. and PURO-KLIMA, a.s (...)

Alain Ronzano Fine: The French Competition Authority fines seven wallpaper manufacturer 5, 276 million Euro for having engaged in various anti-competitive practices (L’éditeur, Graham & Brown)

22 December 2014

Le 22 décembre 2014, l’Autorité de la concurrence a rendu une décision n° 14-D-20 aux termes de laquelle elle sanctionne 7 fabricants de papiers peints pour une amende globale de 5 276 000 euros pour avoir mis en oeuvre diverses pratiques d’entente. Cette affaire a pour origine une demande de (...)

Andrea Usai The Italian Competition Authority decides that commitments submitted by pharmaceutical companies in order to alleviate competition concerns should have been published (Arca / Novartis-Italfarmaco)

19 December 2014

The Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) decided that, according to Art. 14-ter of Italian Law 287/1990, the commitments that Novartis and Italfarmaco had submitted in order to alleviate concerns in terms of an alleged infringement of Art. 101 TFEU, should have been published, both in its (...)

French Competition Authority The French Competition Authority imposes heavy fines on several manufacturers of home and personal care products for having implemented concerted practices (Colgate-Palmolive / Henkel / Reckitt Benckiser)

18 December 2014

The Autorité de la concurrence fines concerted practices between manufacturers a total of 345,2 € millions and 605,9 € millions on each market concerned* The Autorité de la concurrence issues today a decision whereby it fines home care and personal care manufacturers for having implemented (...)

Daniel Muheme, Laurent Housen The Belgian Competition Authority’s Auditorate dismisses instruction regarding potential concerted practices in the energy sector regarding passing on practices of green certificates fine amounts (Green Certificates)

12 December 2014

I. The Parties Lampiris SA is a Belgian company which main activity consists in the supply of electricity and natural gas. EDF Luminus SA is a company which activity consist in the production of electricity, its gross commerce, and the supplyi of electricity and natural gas. The company is a (...)

Jean-François Guillardeau The EU General Court confirms that the French Council of Pharmacists has infringed art. 101 TFEU but reduces the EC’s fine slightly (Ordre national des pharmaciens)

10 December 2014

Background Under French law, clinical biology analyses may only be carried out in dedicated laboratories under the supervision of a biological doctor or pharmacist. Biological pharmacists hold 95% of the cumulated share of that service market . The National Council of Pharmacists (“Ordre (...)

Hungarian Competition Authority The Hungarian Competition Authority imposes fines on several driving schools for concerting on the prices of their trainings (ATI Autóközlekedési Tanintézet)

3 December 2014

The driving schools in Győr have concerted the price of their trainings* According to the decision of the Hungarian Competition Authority (Gazdasági Versenyhivatal – GVH), the ATI Autóközlekedési Tanintézet Kft., "BILUX" Győr-Moson-Sopron Megyei Gépjárművezető Kft., HORVÁTH TANODA Oktató és (...)

Michele Giannino The Italian Administrative Court upholds the condemnation of two pharmaceutical companies for breaching Article 101 TFEU with regard to the marketing (Roche, Novartis)

2 December 2014

By a recent judgment in the case Novartis-Roche/AGCM the Regional Administrative Court of Latium (the Court) has uphold on appeal the decision made by Italian Competition Authority (ICA) in the Roche/Novartis case. The ICA had imposed on Roche and Novartis a fine of Euro 180 million for an (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Institutions • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Politique de concurrence • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of effectiveness • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of equivalence • Principle of proportionnality • Privacy • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Professional association • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax exemption) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)