Parliament, European; of the European Union, Council

This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

Business secrets

According to article 2 of the Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure : "‘trade secret’ means information which meets all of the following requirements: (a) it is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) it has commercial value because it is secret; (c) it has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret" © European Parliament and Council of the European Union

Related EU and national case law

Alexis Collins, Matthew D. Slater, Nowell D. Bamberger, Vicens Elizabeth (Lisa) The US Supreme Court issues a decision limiting the circumstances under which a federal agency may be compelled to disclose confidential information the agency received from a private party (Food Marketing Institute / Argus Leader Media)

24 June 2019

On June 24, 2019, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an important decision limiting the circumstances under which a federal agency may be compelled to disclose “confidential” information the agency received from a private party, and which the agency seeks to withhold under the Freedom (...)

Peter L’Ecluse The Paris Court of Appeal delivers the first judgement on FRAND terms and applies the French legislation implementing the trade secrets directive (Conversant / LG)

16 April 2019

On 16 April 2019, the Paris Court of Appeal delivered a judgment in Conversant v. LG, a case dealing with the concept of licensing under fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (“FRAND”) terms. While the court did not set a much-anticipated FRAND royalty rate, the case is noteworthy because of (...)

Francesco Martucci Confidential information: The Court of Justice of the European Union rules on the obligation of professional secrecy of national authorities charged with prudential supervision of credit institutions (Enzo Buccioni / Banca d’Italie)

13 September 2018

Par un arrêt en date du 13 septembre 2018, la Cour de justice est venue préciser les conditions dans lesquelles les autorités nationales de surveillance bancaire peuvent divulguer des informations confidentielles à une personne qui en fait la demande en vue d’être en mesure d’engager une procédure (...)

Francesco Martucci Professional secrecy: The Court of Justice of the European Union clarifies the scope of the obligation of professional secrecy on national financial supervisory authorities (UBS Europe)

13 September 2018

Par un arrêt en date du 13 septembre 2018, la Cour de justice a précisé la portée de de l’obligation de secret professionnel incombant aux autorités nationales de surveillance financière. Elle a répondu à une question préjudicielle posée par le juge luxembourgeois saisi par des entreprises du refus du (...)

Jeremy Martinez Business protection: The French Constitutional Council rules that the business secret protection Act implementing directive 2016/943 of June 8th, 2018 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information against their unlawful acquisition does not breach the Constitution (Law on trade secrets)

26 July 2018

La loi relative à la protection du secret des affaires, adoptée par le Sénat le 21 juin 2018, a été déférée au Conseil constitutionnel par plus de soixante députés et soixante sénateurs. Ces recours, intentés dans le cadre du contentieux a priori (DC), portaient sur l’article 1er de cette loi, qui (...)

Francesco Martucci Professional secrecy: The Court of Justice of the European Union clarifies the scope of the obligation of professional secrecy on national financial supervisory authorities (Baumeister)

19 June 2018

Par un arrêt en date du 19 juin 2018, la Cour de justice a précisé la portée de l’obligation de secret professionnel incombant aux autorités nationales de surveillance financière en explicitant notamment la notion d’“information confidentielle”. Pour ce faire, elle a procédé à l’interprétation de la (...)

Philip Bentley, Jacques Buhart, Mai Muto The EU Court of Justice rejects a cartel participant’s appeal concerning the inclusion of allegedly confidential information in the non-confidential version of the infringement decision (Nexans)

12 June 2018

By order of 12 June 2018, the Vice President of the CJEU dismissed the appeal lodged by Nexans France SAS and Nexans SA (collectively, Nexans) against the order of the President of the GCEU of 12 July 2017. The latter rejected Nexans’s application for an interim injunction to prevent the EC from (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority opens investigation into abuse of dominance by a diversified textiles manufacturer in the market for Viscose Staple Fibre (Grasim Industries)

16 May 2018

CCI directs investigation against Grasim Industries Ltd. (‘Grasim’) for abuse of dominant position* The CCI vide an order dated May 16, 2018 directed investigation against Grasim for abusing its dominant position in the relevant market for the sale of Viscose Staple Fibre in India. The (...)

Albert Sánchez Graells The EU General Court adresses issues related to documents requirements in EU Institutional procurement (Evropaïki Dynamiki)

14 December 2017

Two recent cases on transparency & access to documents in EU Institutional procurement (I) (T-136/15)* Two recent General Court judgments have addressed different aspects of transparency duties and access to documents requirements in EU Institutional procurement [for discussion, see A (...)

Camille François The EU Court of Justice clarifies the Hearing Officer’s scope of review regarding confidentiality requests while rejecting any special treatment of leniency applicants at the publication stage

26 July 2017

In its confirmatory ruling issued on 26 July 2017, the EU Court of Justice (hereafter “the Court”) upheld the EU General Court ruling of 15 July 2015 which had dismissed AGC Glass group’s action against the Commission’s decision rejecting their request for confidential treatment of certain (...)

Alain Ronzano Evidence : The French government publishes a decree setting the rules to refer decisions by the French NCA’s secretery general relating to the protection of trade secrets to the Paris court of appeal

5 May 2017

Est paru au JORF n° 0108 du 7 mai 2017 un décret n° 2017-823 du 5 mai 2017 relatif aux recours exercés devant la Cour d’appel de Paris contre les décisions de l’Autorité de la concurrence et aux recours exercés devant le premier président de la Cour d’appel de Paris contre certaines décisions du (...)

Kamil Klopocki, Tomasz Feliszewski The Polish Competition Authority issues guidelines on business secrets protection

16 March 2017

On 16 March 2017 the Polish Competition Authority (Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, the “PCA”) issued guidelines on the request to limit the right of access to the case files (full name: “Information on the manner of submitting the request to limit the right of access to the case (...)

Alain Ronzano Confidential information: The Court of Justice of the European Union allows the Commision to publish information from the documents provided by an undertaking seeking leniency excluding verbatim quotations from the statement made by a leniency applicant or any references to the source of the information (Evonik Degussa)

14 March 2017

Le 14 mars 2017, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu son arrêt dans l’affaire C-162/15 (Evonik Degussa GmbH contre Commission européenne). Même si la Cour y fait partiellement droit à la demande de la requérante en accueillant le premier moyen de son pourvoi et en annulant en conséquence, et (...)

Alain Ronzano Content of the investigation file: The Paris Court of appeal annuls the French NCA’s decision in the chemical commodities case due to an infringement of the rights of defence of the most heavily fined company (Brenntag)

2 February 2017

À la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 2 février 2017 dans l’affaire de l’entente de prix et de répartition de marchés concernant des commodités chimiques, la Cour d’appel de Paris est venue rappeler vertement à l’ordre l’Autorité de la concurrence en annulant la décision n° 13-D-12 du 28 mai 2013 à l’égard de la (...)

Alain Ronzano Trade secrets: The French Parliament gives the Paris Court of Appeal exclusive jurisdiction for appeals against decisions by the French NCA’s general rapporteur involving trade secrets

18 November 2016

Dominique Loyer-Bouez, des Éditions Francis Lefebvre, me signale l’adoption d’un « nouveau » texte dans le champ du droit de la concurrence : il s’agit de l’article 96 de la loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle parue au JO n° 0269 du 19 novembre 2016. (...)

Christophe Lemaire, Sarah Chikh Business secrets: The French Parliament adopts the act of 18 November 2016 centralising the litigation procedures regarding business secrets to the benefit of the Paris Court of Appeal (Modernisation of the XXI century’s justice)

18 November 2016

Un peu plus de dix après la première réforme en profondeur du secret des affaires dans les procédures de concurrence (V. Ch. Lemaire, “La protection du secret des affaires devant la Conseil de la concurrence : une évolution bienvenue”, JCP éd. E 26 janvier 2006, n° 4, pp. 191-201), l’adoption de la loi (...)

Christophe Lemaire, Sarah Chikh Removal of business secrets: The French Supreme Court confirms the limited rights of the plaintiff concerning the access to documents covered by business secrets and the appeals against the decisions on the protection of business secrets (Orange)

4 October 2016

Alors que la loi du 18 novembre 2016 vient d’introduire devant la Cour d’appel de Paris une action autonome en matière de protection du secret des affaires (v. cette chronique supra), cet arrêt illustre la nature du contentieux qui peut apparaître, en matière de secret des affaires, à l’occasion de (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) clarifies its jurisdiction only covers appeals against the Indian Competition Authority which fall under Section 53A of the Competition Act (TPM Consultants)

4 July 2016

COMPAT to hear and decide appeals only against order passed by the Commission under Section 53A (1) (a)* COMPAT by its order dated July 4, 2016 upheld order passed by the Competition Commission of India (“CCI/the Commission”) wherein it refused to entertain an appeal challenging the order passed (...)

Alain Ronzano Confidentiality: The Tribunal of the European Union confirms the possibility for the Commission to publish any information not protected by professional secrecy in the non confidential versions of its decisions (AGC, Pilkington)

15 July 2015

Tribunal, 15 juillet 2015, affaires T‑465/12 (AGC) et T‑462/12 (Pilkington) Le tribunal de l’Union a également rendu 2 arrêt le 15 juillet 2015 à propos du cartel des verres automobiles. Toutefois, les recours introduits d’une part par AGC Glass Europe SA e.a. dans l’affaire T-465/12 et d’autre part (...)

Alain Ronzano Competition policy: The European Commission publishes its yearly report for 2014, discolsing its best practices on how to disclose confidential information in data rooms

4 June 2015

Commission européenne, 4 juin 2015, rapport annuel sur la politique de concurrence pour 2014 La Commission européenne a mis en ligne le 4 juin 2014 le rapport annuel sur la politique de concurrence pour 2014, dernière année de la précédente mandature. Comme les années passées, la livraison 2015 se (...)

Pablo González de Zárate Catón The EU General Court dismisses the use of the Transparency Regulation to gain access to documents exchanged between the EU Commission and a national competition authority (Union de Almacenistas de Hierros de España)

12 May 2015

Background information On 12 May 2015 the General Court has fully rejected the action brought by Union de Almacenistas de Hierros de España (“UAHE”), a professional association, against the decision taken by the European Commission on 18 June 2013. By virtue of such decision the European (...)

Miguel Sousa Ferro The Lisbon Appeal Court confirms 2.7 million EUR fine for discriminatory pricing under Art. 102 national equivalent, and revolutionizes access to information for third parties (Sport TV)

11 March 2015

On 11 March 2015, the Lisbon Appeal Court (LAC) rejected all arguments put forward by the appellant and confirmed the judgment of the Competition, Regulation and Supervision Court (CSRC) of 4 June 2014, which had, in turn, confirmed (with a reduction of the fine, from 3.7 to 2.7 million EUR) (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Hellenic Competition Commission issues notice on concept and treatment of confidential information

6 March 2015

*Article originally published in ECN Brief 02/2015 (click here), under the title: "HCC Issues Notice on Concept and Treatment of Confidential Information". Please note that the ECN is not the actual author of this article and that the articles published in the ECN Brief are subject to a (...)

Dylan Damaj, Yann Anselin The General Court of the European Union authorizes the Commission to communicate information submitted in support of its leniency program, through the publication of a new and more detailed version of its penalty decision in the hydrogen peroxide cartel (Akzo Nobel, Eka Chemicals)

28 January 2015

On January 28, 2015, the General Court of the European Union (General Court) authorized the European Commission (Commission) to publish a new and more detailed version of a penalty decision, including information submitted pursuant to its leniency program. This solution should cause (...)

Alain Ronzano Confidential treatment : The General Court of the European Union provides clarification on which leniency information the Commission may disclose (Evonik Degussa/Akzo Nobel)

28 January 2015

Tribunal, 28 janvier 2015, affaires T-341/12 (Evonik Degussa GmbH contre Commission européenne) et T-345/12 (Akzo Nobel NV e.a. contre Commission européenne) Le Tribunal de l’Union européenne a rendu, le 28 janvier 2015, deux arrêts fort instructifs, aussi bien pour les demandeurs de clémence que (...)

Hanns Peter Nehl The Austrian Supreme Court in competition matters confirms the legality of the publication of a merger decision (Ediktsdatei II)

21 January 2015

By judgment of 21 January 2015 in Case 16 Ok 6/14i, the Austrian Supreme Court in competition matters (Oberster Gerichtshof als Rekursgericht in Kartellrechtssachen) rendered an important follow-up decision to its judgment of 27 January 2014 in Case 16 Ok 14/13 (annotated by Florian Neumayr in (...)

Christophe Lemaire Business secrets : The French Supreme Administrative Court rules that provisions in relation with business confidentiality are partially incompatible with the right to effective judicial remedy (Syndicat national des fabricants d’isolants en laines minérales manufacturées)

10 October 2014

Cette chronique, comme les précédentes ces dernières années, illustre une nouvelle fois le développement du contentieux et des problématiques nouvelles – sous des aspects divers – liés à l’accès au dossier des autorités. Au cas d’espèce, c’est de protection du secret des affaires qu’il s’agit. Si les (...)

Alain Ronzano Effective remedy: The Conseil d’État repeals the current procedure to appeal decisions by the French NCA refusing protection for trade secrets (Filmm)

10 October 2014

Par une décision importante rendue le 10 octobre 2014, quoiqu’aux conséquences largement imprévisibles, le Conseil d’État vient de faire voler en éclats le délicat agencement du mécanisme régi par l’article R. 464-29 du code de commerce de recours contre les décisions du rapporteur général de l’Autorité (...)

Alain Ronzano Interim measures: The French Competition Authority refuses to grant the incumbent telecom company’s request to suspend the network sharing agreement signed between two of its competitors (Orange/SFR/Bouygues Télécom)

25 September 2014

Par décision n° 14-D-10 du 25 septembre 2014, l’Autorité de la concurrence vient de rejeter une demande de mesures conservatoires introduite, accessoirement à sa saisine au fond, par Orange, l’opérateur historique sollicitant la suspension de l’accord de mutualisation d’une partie de leurs réseaux (...)

Alain Ronzano Access to documents: The General Court of the European Union sanctions the Commission for refusing access to documents without demonstrating how they would undermine its decision-making process or commercial interests of a third party (MasterCard)

9 September 2014

Par arrêt rendu le 9 septembre 2014 dans l’affaire T-516/11 (MasterCard, Inc. e.a. contre Commission européenne), le Tribunal de l’Union a prononcé l’annulation de la décision de la Commission européenne du 12 juillet 2011 refusant d’accorder à MasterCard, Inc., MasterCard International, Inc. et (...)

Finnish Competition Authority The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority approves acquisition of provider of vehicle financing and administration services by a domestic leasing company (Axus Finland / Easy KM)

8 July 2014

FCCA approves acquisition of Easy KM by ALD Automotive* On 8 July 2014, the Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCCA) approved a transaction in which Axus Finland Oy, a subsidiary of the French company ALD Automotive, acquired the entire issued share capital of Easy KM Oy from Governia (...)

Finnish Competition Authority The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority approves proposed acquisition in the consulting service business (Ramboll / Pöyry)

13 May 2014

FCCA approves Ramboll and Pöyry corporate deal* The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCAA) on 13 May 2014 gave its approval to a corporate deal in which the planning and consulting company Ramboll Finland acquires some of the activities of Pöyry Oyj. The corporate deal applies to the (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic and the Office for the Protection of Competition of the Czech Republic sign a memorandum of cooperation

16 April 2014

Slovakia: Memorandum of Cooperation between Czech Office for the Protection of Competition and Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic* On 16 April 2014, the Chairmen of the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic and the Office for the Protection of Competition of the Czech Republic (...)

Alain Ronzano Private Enforcement: The Council, the Parliament and the Commission have reached an agreement on the text of the new directive facilitating damage claims by victims of antitrust violations

26 March 2014

Le 26 mars 2014, le Comité des représentants permanent du Conseil de l’Union européenne a approuvé un accord entre la présidence grecque du Conseil et des représentants du Parlement européen sur le texte de la directive relative à certaines règles régissant les actions en dommages et intérêts en droit (...)

Anubha Sinha The Indian Competition Commission penalises an investigated company for non-disclosure of information (Google)

26 March 2014

CCI penalises Google for non-disclosure of information; fines it one crore rupees* Earlier in March, Google was fined one crore rupees by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) for not cooperating with the Director General’s (DG’s) investigations into its operations. The DG had served seven (...)

Miguel Angel De Dios The Argentinian Commission for the Defense of Competition launches an investigation on the food, cleaning and clothing and related consumer goods in large superficies, raw material and other supplies for the industries, construction materials and related supplies for the construction industry, pharmaceuticals and health service markets

21 March 2014

The National Commission for the Defense of Competition (CNDC), as the acting administrative agency in charge of competition matters in Argentina, has initiated certain market investigations during the last month of February . As we have reported in previous instances, the Argentine Government (...)

Martin Favart The Austrian Supreme Court dismisses an appeal by a company subject to a cartel investigation against an earlier decision by the Austrian Cartel Court

6 March 2014

In a decision recently published on 6 March 2014, the Austrian Supreme Court (Supreme Court) dismissed an appeal by a company subject to a cartel investigation against an earlier decision by the Austrian Cartel Court to allow Austria’s Federal Competition Authority (BWB) access to copies of the (...)

Pablo González de Zárate Catón The EU Court of Justice dismisses the use of the Transparency Regulation to gain access to cartel-related documents held by the European Commission (EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg)

27 February 2014

Background information The judgment in Commission v EnBW issued by the Court of Justice ("CJEU") on 27th February 2014 may constitute a landmark case in the context of access to cartel-related documents -in particular, leniency materials- held by the European Commission ("EC") which could be (...)

Florian Neumayr The Austrian Supreme Court confirms that business secrets must be protected in cartel decisions (Rewe)

27 January 2014

Introduction The Rewe Publication discussed here concerns the application of the newly amended Section 37 Austrian Cartel Act, which foresees the publication also of decisions by the Austrian Cartel Court (Kartellgericht) and not only, as in the past, of decisions by the Austrian Supreme Court (...)

Christophe Lemaire Commitments : The Paris Court of Appeal withdraws a judgment of the Paris Commercial Court ordering the Competition Authority to disclose documents from a settlement procedure in the context of a damage action (Ma liste de courses c/ High Co 3.0)

20 November 2013

Après quelques hésitations, la jurisprudence sur l’articulation entre le secret de l’instruction devant l’Autorité garanti par l’article L. 463-6 du code de commerce et la production de pièces issues de celle-ci dans un contentieux indemnitaire est-elle (enfin) en train de trouver sa voie ? C’est ce (...)

Gábor Fejes, Zoltan Marosi The Hungarian Parliament passes substantial amendments to competition law with regard to merger control and antitrust procedure

18 November 2013

1) Introduction A wide-ranging amendment of the Hungarian Competition Act (HCA) was passed by the Hungarian Parliament on 18 November 2013 (HCA Amendment). The amendment entails the largest overhaul of the Hungarian competition law rules since 2009 and concerns the following major areas: the (...)

Charles Balmain, Jean-Paul Tran Thiet, Mark D. Powell, Mark Gidley The English Court of Appeal requires French defendants to comply with disclosure orders despite the French "blocking statute" (Secretary of State for Health / Servier Laboratories)

22 October 2013

The existence in several countries of “blocking statutes”, which prohibit the provision of economic information to foreign authorities or courts (or require prior authorization to be obtained before doing so), present a challenge to those managing international litigation and (...)

Albert Sánchez Graells The EU General Court rules that a contracting authority must provide explanations about its reasons not to consider the winning offer as being abnormally low (European Dynamics / EMA)

15 October 2013

3 more instalments in the Evropaïki Dynamiki saga: one successful appeal (T-638/11)* Today (15 October 2013), the General Court has issued three judgments that add to the ’Evropaïki Dynamiki saga’. In two of them (T-474/10 and T-457/10), the famous challenger of EU Institutions’ procurement (...)

Miguel Sousa Ferro The Portuguese Supreme Court declares a non-compete clause in a franchise agreement invalid due to absence of transference of confidential information justifying protection of know-how (Montijo)

8 October 2013

In a dispute concerning an infringement of a franchising agreement in the food services industry, including an alleged violation of a non-compete clause, the Portuguese Supreme Court reversed a ruling of the Lisbon Appeal Court, providing clarifications on its view on the validity of such (...)

Pablo González de Zárate Catón EU Court of Justice Advocate General Cruz Villalón upholds Commission’s pleas about the judgement of the General Court on access to cartel documents under EU transparency regulation (EnBW)

3 October 2013

Relevance of the Opinion The Opinion touches upon the disclosure through the Regulation 1049/2001 ("Transparency Regulation") of cartel-related-documents held by the Commission. First, it addresses how the Commission should handle these requests, in particular, it tackles the harmonious (...)

Michael Grenfell The UK Competition Appeal Tribunal rules on the balance between protecting confidentiality and assuring procedural fairness (BMI Healthcare)

2 October 2013

The UK Competition Commission, in its final months before being absorbed into the new Competition and Markets Authority, has had a procedural decision overruled by the Competition Appeal Tribunal (Britain’s specialist judicial body that oversees decisions by the competition authorities). In the (...)

Emanuela Matei The EU General Court dismisses parallel actions brought by two diamond dealers against the Commission’s decisions not to open an antitrust investigation into certain distribution agreements established by the world’s largest producer of rough diamonds (BVGD, Spira, De Beers)

11 July 2013

I. Introduction Any natural or legal person who can show a legitimate interest may lodge a complaint concerning an antitrust infringement as stipulated by article 7 of the Regulation No 1/2003. The Commission is not required to investigate each of the complaints lodged with it, but only to (...)

Christophe Lemaire, Simon Naudin Business secrets: The Paris Court of Appeal approves the non-confidential treatment of documents provided by a third party but elaborated by a party which was not consulted concerning their confidentiality (Digicel Antilles françaises Guyane)

4 July 2013

Les suites de l’affaire dite Orange Caraïbes ont donné l’occasion à la Cour d’appel de Paris de se prononcer, dans un arrêt du 4 juillet 2013, sur la portée de la protection du secret des affaires et les effets attachés à son éventuelle méconnaissance. La question posée à la Cour d’appel Les documents (...)

Finnish Competition Authority The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority approves acquisition but attached conditions (Elisa & PPO)

25 April 2013

FCCA approved deal between Elisa and PPO but attached conditions* The Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (FCCA) decided on 24 April 2013 to approve the deal in which Elisa Corporation acquires control of the companies PPO-Yhtiöt Oy, Kymen Puhelin Oy and Telekarelia Oy. However, the FCCA (...)

Dimitrios-Panagiotis Tzakas The Athens Administrative Court of Appeal upholds the National Competition Authority’s decision finding exclusionary practices in the market for salty snack products (Tasty Foods)

13 March 2013

Introduction On 13 March 2013, the Athens Administrative Court of Appeal (Dioikitiko Efeteio Athinon, hereafter: the Court) delivered Ruling No 869/2013 upholding Decision No 520/VI/2011 of the Hellenic Competition Commission (Elliniki Epitropi Antagonismou, hereafter: HCC). The contested (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Arbitration • Association of undertakings

B

Barriers to entry • Below-cost resale price • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Politique de concurrence • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of proportionnality • Privacy • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax exemption) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)