Commission, European

This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

Boycott

A collective boycott occurs when a group of competitors agree to exclude an actual or potential competitor. This practice generally constitutes a restriction by object. © European Commission

Related EU and national case law

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition Authority files court action against a construction company and construction trade union over alleged boycott (Hutchinson / CFMMEU)

4 December 2020

Court action against Hutchinson and CFMMEU over alleged boycott* The ACCC has instituted Federal Court civil proceedings against construction company J Hutchinson Pty Ltd (Hutchinson) and the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMMEU) over alleged boycott conduct at a (...)

Sofia Raunich, Marianna Economidou, Panayiotis Agisilaou The Cypriot Administrative Court annuls a decision that imposed a fine and an obligation to inform the association of undertakings’ members of their freedom regarding tender submissions in the electricity sector (MECAC)

23 November 2020

The Administrative Court of Cyprus delivered its decision on the administrative recourse filed by the Mechanical and Electrical Contractors Association of Cyprus (“Applicant” or “MECAC”) against the Cyprus Commission for the Protection of Competition (“CPC” or “Respondent”) for the annulment of the (...)

Alain Ronzano Healthcare: The French Competition Authority sanctions the National Council of the Order of Dental Surgeons, in a double reiteration situation, as well as five departmental councils and two trade unions for a boycott of several dental care networks set up by the complementary health insurance organisations (CNOCD, CDOCD, FSDL)

12 November 2020

On 12 November 2020, the Competition Authority issued a decision No. 20-D-17 for which it first sanctions the National Council of the Order of Dental Surgeons (CNOCD), five departmental councils - Isère, Bouches-du-Rhône, Dordogne, Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin - and the Federation of Liberal Dental (...)

French Competition Authority The French Competition Authority fines 6 councils and 2 trade union federations of dental surgeons for boycott (National Council of the College of Dental Surgeons / National Confederation of Dental Trade Unions)

12 November 2020

Dental care networks: the National Council and five departmental councils of the College of Dental Surgeons and two trade union federations fined for boycott* The Autorité de la concurrence hands out fines worth €4 million to the National Council and five departmental councils of the College of (...)

Michaël Cousin The French Competition Authority sanctions councils and trade union federations of dental surgeons for collective boycott (National Council of the College of Dental Surgeons / National Confederation of Dental Trade Unions)

12 November 2020

On 12 November 2020, the French competition authority (the "FCA") fined the National Council of the College of Dental Surgeons (the "National Council"), five departmental councils of the College and two trade unions for collectively boycotting dental care networks. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW - KEY (...)

Norwegian Competition Authority The Norwegian Court of Appeal in Borgarting upholds the Competition Authority’s decision finding an illegal cooperation between 2 publishing companies (Cappelen Damm / Gyldendal)

2 September 2020

Court of Appeal upholds decision against publishing companies* Borgarting Court of Appeal agrees with the Norwegian Competition Authority that the publishing companies Cappelen Damm and Gyldendal cooperated illegally and boycotted the distributor Interpress. The publishers exchanged (...)

Jean-Philippe Kovar Jurisdiction: The French Competition Authority declares itself incompetent to review certain practices allegedly committed by a departmental council of the Order of Physicians

2 September 2020

Optical Center, a company specialising in the distribution of optical products that operates a network of approximately 550 stores in France, mainly under franchise, created in 2016 a laser surgery centre in downtown Lyon, on the first floor of a building on the ground floor of which is located (...)

Italian Competition Authority The Italian Competition Authority opens investigation into alleged anticompetitive agreement obstructing procurement of free films by film arenas (ANICA / ANEC / ANEC Lazio)

24 June 2020

I840 - ICA: launch of an investigation into Anica, Anec and Anec Lazio for obstructing the procurement of films, free of charge, by film arenas* The Authority launched an investigation into Associazione Nazionale Industrie Cinematografiche Audiovisive e Multimediali (ANICA), Associazione (...)

Georgina Foster, Helen Joyce, Lynsey Edgar The Australian Competition Authority announces its compliance and enforcement policy and priorities for 2020

25 February 2020

Beliefs in markets and consumer protection guide the ACCC’s investigations and enforcement actions At an event hosted by the Committee for Economic Development of Australia in Sydney on Tuesday, Rod Sims, Chairman of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), announced the (...)

French Competition Authority The French Competition Authority creates a guide for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME)

28 January 2020

The Autorité de la concurrence creates a guide for SMEs* The Autorité wishes to develop, as part of a preventive approach, the knowledge of competition law held by all companies, in order for them to avoid breaching the law and for them to be able to use the tools of competition law to fight (...)

Frédéric Buy Unfair competition: The Paris Court of Appeal recalls that a legal entity not subject to a code of ethics’ rules can commit an act of unfair competition in case of breach distorting competition on the market (Mutualité française d’Alsace / Syndicat des chirurgiens-dentistes du Bas-Rhin)

29 August 2019

Unfair competition is one of those notions that are sometimes thought, with little naivety, to be easily tamed. On the one hand, unfair competition does not, at least officially, belong to the family of unfair commercial practices as defined by the recent reform of Title IV of Book IV C. com (...)

Paloma Martínez-Lage Sobredo Spain: The Spanish Supreme Court finds that the joint proposal, submitted by several cotton ginning companies to the public administration, to include in a Royal Decree a limitation of the subsidies to certain companies does not breach competition rules, insofar as there is no sign of fraud or deceit in the information submitted to the authorities (Eurosemillas, Algodonera del Sur, Agrupación Española de Desmotadora de Algodón)

10 June 2019

In three recently issued judgments the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the fines imposed by the Spanish Competition Authority (CNMC) on eight undertakings active in the cotton ginning sector after excluding from the single and continuous infringement the conduct consisting of market foreclosure (...)

Michel Debroux EIG: The French Competition Authority heavy fines an economic interest grouping of cab for anticompetitive practices implemented to prevent one of its members to develop complementary activities (Radio-taxi Antibes Juan-les-Pins)

28 March 2019

It is rare for the Competition Authority to adopt a decision that appears, at first sight, to benefit only an extremely small number of economic actors, namely, in this case, only one. This is one of the peculiarities of this case, which also benefits from the honour of a press release (28 (...)

Jean-Philippe Kovar Boycott: The French Competition Authority declines its jurisdiction to hear allegations against the National Council of the Order of Doctors and the National Council of the Order of dental surgeons (Groupon / CNOM, CNOCD)

15 January 2019

Groupon, which operates the eponymous website, filed two complaints with the French Competition Authority against the Conseil national de l’Ordre des médecins (CNOM) and the Conseil national de l’Ordre des chirurgiens-dentistes (CNOCD), alleging boycott practices contrary to Articles L. 420-1 of (...)

Jean-Philippe Kovar Boycott: The Paris Court of Appeal confirms that the French Competition Authority has not the power to sanction practices committed by the National Order of Nurses in the exercise of its public service missions (SOS-Infirmières)

20 December 2018

The companies of the SOS-Infirmières group had referred to the Paris Court of Appeal the matter to the Competition Authority, which had declared itself partially incompetent and had rejected the referral for the rest for lack of sufficient evidence (Aut. conc, Dec. No. 18-D-01 of 18 January 2018 (...)

Tom Macken, Thomas Jones The Australian Competition Authority publishes guidelines on collective bargaining for small businesses

20 December 2018

On 20 December 2018, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission ("ACCC") published guidelines on collective bargaining for small businesses, including agribusinesses ("Guidelines"). Whilst collective bargaining can generally lead to more efficient negotiations, better access to (...)

Jean-Christophe Roda The U.S.: The Southern District Court of New York dismisses an artist’s complaint accusing five museums of collective Boycott (Cenedella / Metropolitan Museum of Art )

19 December 2018

In Europe, the art market and antitrust form a rarely solicited couple. The situation is different in the United States, where there are a handful of cases in which this particular market is analysed from the point of view of competition law rules. Such is the case of a recent decision of the (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority fines state film distributor for limiting production and supply of dubbed movies (KFCC Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce)

30 August 2018

CCI imposes penalty on Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce (KFCC) and its office bearers for limiting production and supply of dubbed movies within Karnataka* By way of an order dated August 30, 2018, the CCI imposed a penalty of INR. 9,72 ,943/- (Nine lakh seventy-two thousand nine hundred and (...)

Michele Giannino The Italian Competition Authority fines two major ferry operators for abuse of dominance in the maritime transport market (CIN-Moby)

28 February 2018

The Italian Competition Authority (ICA) has closed by an infringement decision an Article 102 TFEU investigation against two major ferry operators, Compagnia Italiana di Navigazione (CIN) and Moby Spa (Moby), in the Case A487, Compagnia Italiana di Navigazione-Trasporto marittimo delle merci (...)

Alain Ronzano Local anticompetitive practices: The French Competition Administration (DGCCRF) stops a local anticompetitive practice in the sector of veterinary products distribution in the French counties of Ille-et-Vilaine, Mayenne and Morbihan (Veterinary products distribution)

5 February 2018

In recent weeks, the DGCCRF has put an end to practices noted in the sector of the distribution of veterinary products in the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine, Mayenne and Morbihan. Following an investigation into the distribution of veterinary products in the departments of Ille-et-Vilaine, (...)

Danish Competition Authority The City Court of Copenhagen fines a real estate chain and an association of real estate agents for unlawful boycott (EDC-Gruppen / Danish Association of Chartered Estate Agents)

30 January 2018

Denmark: Real estate chain and the Danish Association of Chartered Estate Agents sentenced to fines for unlawful boycott* On January 30, 2018, the City Court of Copenhagen passed sentence upon the real estate chain EDC-Gruppen A/S and the Danish Association of Chartered Estate Agents for (...)

Jean-Philippe Kovar Jurisdiction: The French Competition Authority is not competent to sanction practices committed by the National Order of Nurses in the exercise of its public service mission (National Order of Nurses)

18 January 2018

The company SOS-Infirmières and its subsidiaries offer various services designed to facilitate the practice of the profession of liberal profession nursing (provision of premises, provision of a telephone call reception service, an adapted computer tool, consumables such as sterile gloves, (...)

Matt Evola, Stefan M. Meisner The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upholds dismissal of an antitrust suit where a jury verdict in a parallel case found no patent infringement (Casacade Computer / RPX / Samsung)

11 December 2017

What Happened: Wading into the merging streams of antitrust and patents, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld dismissal of an antitrust suit where a jury verdict in a parallel case found no patent infringement. Cascades Computer Innovation, LLC v. RPX Corp. and Samsung (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority fines state association of chemists and issues advisory to pharmaceutical companies to cooperate in ceasing the practice of "No Objection Notices" (All Kerala Chemists & Druggists Association)

31 October 2017

CCI issues advisory to Pharma companies while imposing penalty on All Kerala Chemists & Druggists Association and its office bearers* The Competition Commission of India vide its recent order dated 31.10.2017, while imposing penalty on the All Kerala Chemists & Druggists Association (...)

Patrick Gay The Australian House of Representative and Senate make amendments to the Competition and Consumer Act

18 October 2017

Significant amendments have been made to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) with the passage of the Competition and Consumer Amendment (Competition Policy Review) Bill 2017 (Cth) today. While these amendments have been long in the making and follow the recommendations of the Harper (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority reconsiders and again exonerates air transport association from accusations of anticompetitive agreements and price fixing (Air Cargo Agents Association of India / IATA International Air Transport Association)

12 September 2017

CCI dismisses allegations of cartelization against Air Cargo Agents Association of India* The Competition Commission of India (CCI) vide order dated 12.09.2017 has dismissed allegations of cartelization against the Air Cargo Agents Association of India. The Informant, the International Air (...)

Swathi Bojedla The US Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit considers a lawsuit by auto body shops against insurance companies who allegedly engaged in two tactics to depress the body shops’ rates for automobile repair (Quality Auto Painting Ctr. of Roselle / State Farm)

7 September 2017

In the decade since the Supreme Court’s decision in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, courts have struggled with how to deal with horizontal conspiracy allegations in antitrust cases in the absence of evidence of an explicit agreement among competitors—evidence that may be hard to come by without (...)

Katharine O’Connor The US District Court of the Southern District of Ohio grants three pretrial motions and dismisses the entire case with prejudice because of the fail to plea a rule of reason case in the hospital sector (The Medical Center at Elizabeth Place / Premier health)

9 August 2017

District Judge Walter H. Rice of the Southern District of Ohio granted three pretrial motions brought by the Defendants on the eve of trial in The Medical Center at Elizabeth Place, LLC v. Premier Health Partners, et al., Case No. 3:12-cv-26, 2017 WL 3433131 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 9, 2017), and denied (...)

Ahmet Fatih Ozkan The Turkish Competition Authority rejects the complaint that the recommendation of some vehicle tracking system providers vis-à-vis others by the Union of Road Transporters Association violates the competition act (Mobiliz)

4 May 2017

This case note analyses the decision of the Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) in which it has decided that the recommendation of some vehicle tracking system providers vis-à-vis others in a letter drafted by the Union of Road Transporters Association in Ankara (Association) and sent to its (...)

Michele Giannino The Italian Competition Authority targets anti-competitive practices in market for the copyright management services (SIAE-Assomusica)

5 April 2017

In SIAE-Assomusica , the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) has opened an Article 102 TFEU investigation and Article 101 TFEU investigation into restrictive business practices put in place in the copyright management sector. The facts of the case The ICA investigations were triggered by the (...)

Adrian Emch, Allan Fels, Wendy Ng, Xiaoye Wang The Chinese NDRC sanctions three pharmaceutical companies for price fixing and joint boycotts (Huazhong Yaoye / Shandong Xinyi / Changzhou Siyao)

22 July 2016

On 22 July 2016, the NDRC sanctioned 3 pharmaceutical companies for engaging in price fixing and joint boycotts in relation to estazolam tablets and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), in breach of Articles 13(1)(1) and 13(1)(5) of the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML). The 3 companies (Huazhong (...)

Anne-Lise Sibony EFTA : The EFTA Court rules that Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (the counterpart of article 102 TFUE) may apply to a boycott initiated by a trade union and implemented by a port administration with a view to bring a forwarding agent to use unloading and loading services offered by workers employed by the port administration (Holship Norge c/ Norsk Transportarbeidforbund)

19 June 2016

Since Brexit, there has been renewed interest in the EFTA Agreement. However, it is independently of Brexit that the judgment of the EFTA Court in the holship case should be set aside. The Norwegian Supreme Court had referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling a case in which the national (...)

Bruce McDonald The US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upholds a $156 million jury verdict against a steel manufacturer accused of conspiracy to boycott another distributor (MM Steel / JSW Steel)

25 November 2015

The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a $156 million jury verdict against a U.S. Gulf Coast steel manufacturer accused of conspiring with distributors to "boycott" a new distributor by denying it access to steel. Even though the steel manufacturer was responding to pressure from (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Appellate Tribunal cancels a fine for boycott by a pharmaceutical association due to the wholesaler’s own conduct and lack of anticompetitive effect (Arora Medical Hall / Ferozepur Chemists & Druggists Association)

30 October 2015

Competition Appellate Tribunal sets aside the penalty imposed by CCI against Chemist and Druggist Association, Ferozepur* COMPAT by its judgment dated 30 October 2015 over-ruled the order penalizing Chemist and Druggist Association, Ferozepur, Punjab in a case filed by Arora Medical Hall, (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority fines a state-wide association of film exhibitors for anticompetitive conduct against independently acting film distributors (Crown Theatre / KFEF Kerala Film Exhibitors Federation)

8 September 2015

CCI penalises Kerala Film Exhibitors Federation* CCI by its order dated September 8, 2015 has found Kerala Film Exhibitors Federation (KFEF) violating section 3(3) (b) of the Competition Act, 2002 (Act). CCI found that the trade association, engaged in the business of exhibition of film in (...)

Andy Chen The Taiwan Fair Trade Commission fines a company for restraining market competition by boycotting the winning bidder of a government project (Dell Taiwan)

7 May 2015

Introduction On May 7, 2015, the Taiwan Fair Trade Commission (TFTC) fined Dell Corporation of Taiwan (Dell Taiwan) two million New Taiwan dollars (approximately 66,000 US dollars) for requesting distributors and resellers of SonicWALL, an indispensable software for the performance of the (...)

Bruce McDonald The US Attorney General of Texas settles its challenge to an agreement among sellers of dental supplies in an alleged boycott case (Benco Dental Supply)

9 April 2015

The Texas Attorney General has settled its challenge to an agreement among sellers of dental supplies that, in the State’s view, prevented competition by a new entrant in Texas. This case is a reminder that even local activities may be the subject of antitrust enforcement by state attorneys (...)

Avinash Amarnath The Indian Competition Authority fines a trade association for price fixing and collective boycott (Film Distributors Association of Kerala)

23 December 2014

Film Distributor Trade Association fined for price fixing and collective boycott* In its last reported decisions of 2014, the Competition Commission of India (CCI), in two separate cases, fined the Film Distributors Association of Kerala (a state in India) 5% of its turnover (in each case) for (...)

Jean-Christophe Roda USA : The Illinois Nord District Court finds implausible allegations that designer wedding dress line constituted a relevant product market in the context of a vertical agreement (House of Brides, Alfred Angelo)

4 December 2014

The wedding dress was too beautiful... and too expensive! This is perhaps, in a nutshell, the story told in the annotated decision of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (House of Brides v. Alfred Angelo, Inc. Case No. 1:11-cv-07834, N.D. Ill., 2014). The case (...)

Alina Lacatus, Sandra Moga The Romanian Competition Authority sanctions a collective boycott aimed at the elimination of a competitor from the market (Brand Programming Network)

3 December 2014

Introduction The Romanian Competition Council ("RCC") published in January 2015 a decision ("RCC Decision") pursuant to an investigation concerning an alleged cartel on the market for media buying services ("RCC Investigation"). The RCC Investigation involved a significant number of companies (...)

Jason C. Hicks A US District Court files an antitrust action against a boycott impeding private schools to compete on the markets for commercial exhibition of high school football contests and basketball contests in Virginia (Liberty Christian Academy / VHSL)

2 June 2014

Do Public School Athletic Leagues Have To Admit Private High Schools?* Liberty Christian Academy (LCA), a private high school in Lynchburg, Virginia, has filed an antitrust action against the Virginia High School League (VHSL), a non-profit organization of public high schools in Virginia. The (...)

Steve Szentesi The Irish High Court receives an agreement containing undertakings of a medical association not to engage in anticompetitive behaviour (IMO)

28 May 2014

Antitrust & Associations: Two Association Related Output Restriction Cases – One Settling (Doctors), the Other Starting Up (Eggs)* On my media sweep earlier, two interesting trade association cases caught my eye, both including allegations of “output restriction” or “boycott” type activities. (...)

Irish Competition Authority The Irish High Court files a settlement accepted by a medical association not to engage in boycotts or collective withdrawal of services (IMO)

28 May 2014

Competition Authority secures High Court undertakings from the Irish Medical Organisation* The Irish Medical Organisation (IMO) has today provided undertakings to the High Court (i) not to organise or recommend the collective withdrawal of services or boycotts by its members and (ii) to advise (...)

Steve Szentesi The Australian Competition Authority announces the commencement of proceedings in the Federal Court concerning an attempt to build a cartel affecting the availability of eggs on the retail market (AECL)

28 May 2014

Antitrust & Associations: Two Association Related Output Restriction Cases – One Settling (Doctors), the Other Starting Up (Eggs)* On my media sweep earlier, two interesting trade association cases caught my eye, both including allegations of “output restriction” or “boycott” type activities. (...)

Bruce Wardhaugh The Irish Competition Authority imposes interim measures on a national medical association (The Irish Medical Organization)

28 May 2014

On May 28, 2014 the Irish Medical Organisation (IMO) provided an undertaking to the Irish High Court that the Medical Association would not: organise or recommend the collective withdrawal of services or boycotts by its members (i) as a means of influencing the Minister for Health and/or the (...)

Danish Competition Authority The Danish Competition Council orders professional association to abstain from boycotting an internet portal which provides an easy-to-use online interface that allows quick access to offers on car repair (Association for Auto Repair Shops)

26 March 2014

Denmark: The Association for Auto Repair Shops in Denmark (CAD) has illegally urged its members to boycott Autobutler* The Danish Competition Council has decided that the Association for Auto Repair Shops in Denmark (CAD) has violated the Competition Act by urging its member to boycott (...)

Jacques Buhart The US District Court for the District of Minnesota dismisses a putative antitrust class action saying the plaintiff’s allegations were barred by the statute of limitation (Graco)

11 March 2014

ANTITRUST CLASS ACTION AGAINST GRACO INC. DISMISSED * On March 11, 2014, Judge Ann Montgomery of the District of Minnesota dismissed a putative antitrust class action against Graco Inc. and its distributors that accused Graco of buying two of its closest competitors in the spray foam equipment (...)

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition Authority issues a draft objection notice proposing to revoke two collective bargaining notifications lodged by a national industry body representing the interests of online wagering and sports betting companies (AWC)

26 February 2014

ACCC proposes to revoke immunity for collective bargaining and collective boycott against NRL by betting agencies* The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has issued a draft objection notice proposing to revoke two collective bargaining notifications lodged by the Australian (...)

Australian Competition Authority The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission outlines its policy priorities for 2014 underlining that cartel conduct, anticompetitive agreements and misuse of market power will always be assessed as a primary concern

21 February 2014

ACCC 2014 compliance and enforcement policy promises action on drip pricing* The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has released its 2014 Compliance and Enforcement Policy. The policy outlines the ACCC’s priority areas for the year and sets out the factors to be taken into account (...)

Eoin Kealy The Irish High Court condemns several bookmakers for collective trade boycott (Dundalk Stadium)

19 February 2014

Introduction On 19 February 2014, the Irish High Court ruled that a bookmaker operating at Dundalk racecourse did not have to pay an €8,000 capital contribution towards the redevelopment of the racecourse, under the “Pitch Rules” applying to Dundalk racecourse. The dispute between the (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Personal data • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of effectiveness • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of equivalence • Principle of proportionality • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Professional association • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)