Commission, European

This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

Ancillary restraints

Restrictions on the parties to an agreement (including an agreement to form a concentration), which do not constitute the primary object of the agreement, but are directly related to and necessary for the proper functioning of the objectives envisaged by agreement. In the field of co-operation agreements, an example would be an obligation within an R&D agreement not to carry out, independently or together with third parties, research and development in the field to which the agreement relates. An example of a restraint ancillary to a concentration is a non-competition clause imposed by the buyer on the vendor for a transitional period of time. See the Merger Regulation, Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations (2005/C 56/03) © European Commission

Related EU and national case law

Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi Restriction by object: The French Supreme Court firmly states that the notion of restriction by object must be assessed restrictively, in the absence of experience acquired by antitrust authorities with respect to the relevant practice (Banque postale)

29 January 2020

Dans le secteur bancaire, les années 2000 ont été marquées par le passage à la dématérialisation. S’agissant de l’encaissement des chèques, cette dématérialisation a provoqué une accélération du transfert des sommes. Par conséquent, la banque de l’émetteur du chèque (le tireur) perd l’argent plus tôt et celle (...)

Lucia Antonazzi, Federico Marini Balestra The Italian Supreme Administrative Court accepts appeals against the Authority ruling which found that telecommunications companies restricted competition and prevented the development of disaggregated forms of supply of ancillary technical services (Telecom Italia)

23 December 2019

On 23 December, the Italian Supreme Administrative Court ("Consiglio di Stato") accepted the appeals lodged by several companies active in the supply of technical ancillary services and the incumbent network owner, Telecom Italia S.p.A., against the rulings of the Regional Administrative Court (...)

Anne-Cécile Martin Selective distribution: The Paris Court of Appeal validates the territorial restriction of active sale, with regard to the launching of a new product, limited in time and proportionate to the need to protect the network efficiency (Coty / Brandalley)

30 August 2019

Par une décision du 30 août 2019 rendue sur renvoi après cassation (Cass. com., 16 mai 2018, pourvoi n° 16-20.040, Concurrences n° 3-2018, obs. A.-C M. p. 110), la Cour d’appel de Paris se prononce à nouveau sur l’action en responsabilité engagée par un célèbre fournisseur de produits cosmétiques contre (...)

Jörg Witting The Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf overturns the German Competition Authority’s decision which sanctioned price parity clauses between hotel platforms and hotel operators (Booking.com)

4 June 2019

On 4 June 2019, the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf ruled that price parity clauses which prohibit hotel operators to offer lower room prices on their homepages compared to the prices offered on the booking platform are valid – overruling the decision of the German Federal Cartel Office (...)

Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi Online sales: The European Commission imposes a heavy fine to a clothes manufacturer for the setting up of various mechanisms limiting the freedom of its retailers to sell online (Guess)

17 December 2018

La Commission européenne vient d’infliger à la célèbre société d’habillement Guess une amende de près de 40 millions d’euros pour avoir stipulé dans ses contrats de distribution diverses clauses anticoncurrentielles. La décision s’inscrit dans le sillage de celles qui, adoptées depuis quelques années, (...)

Karine Biancone Exclusivity: The Paris Court of appeal sanctions a non-competing clause in mono-brand and multi-brand gift cards sector (Conforama, Kering / Edenred France)

12 December 2018

Aux termes d’un contrat de cession du 30 mars 2007, les actionnaires de la société KADEOS, dont la FNAC et CONFORAMA HOLDING, ont cédé l’intégralité du capital de la société KADEOS à la société Accor Services par l’intermédiaire de sa filiale ACCENTIV’HOUSE. Parallèlement, les sociétés KADEOS et (...)

Jean-Michel Vertut Patent: The E.U General Court confirms that certain patent settlement agreements may be restrictive of competition by object (Groupe Servier)

12 December 2018

Le Tribunal de l’UE a rendu un arrêt illustrant une pratique d’entraves d’accès au marché dans le secteur du médicament (V. par ex., au niveau interne, sous un angle procédural, Crim. 26 oct. 2016, n°15-83477 : Lettre distr. décembre 2016, nos obs.). Aux termes d’un long arrêt, le Tribunal, confirmant (...)

Faustine Viala The ancillary restraint to a concentration operation, a circumscribed immunity

September 2018

Under European Union (’EU’) Law, the principle governing the assessment of restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations - known as ancillary restraints - is that of self-evaluation by the parties. In other words, a decision authorizing a concentration is not a blank check that (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Swedish Patent and Market Court upholds decision by Stockholm District Court that excessively long non-compete clauses in share purchase agreements do not constitute infringement of competition rules by object (Alfa Quality Moving)

29 November 2017

Non-compete clauses included in share purchase agreements for a period of five years do not constitute an infringement of competition rules by object* On the 29th of November, the Swedish Patent and Market Court of appeal ruled that anti-competitive clauses included in share purchase (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority issues Guidance note on “non-compete” clauses

12 July 2017

CCI Issues Guidance note on “Non-compete” clause: An Overview* Introduction “Non-compete” obligations are frequently incorporated in M & A transactions to facilitate the effective implementation of a proposed combination. Non-compete obligations enable the Acquirer to secure complete benefit (...)

European Commission The EU Commission opens a formal investigation to assess whether Romania’s gas transmission system operator has abused its dominant position (Transgaz)

1 June 2017

Antitrust: Commission opens investigation into gas export restrictions from Romania* The European Commission has opened a formal investigation to assess whether Romania’s gas transmission system operator Transgaz has been hindering gas exports from Romania to other EU Member States. The (...)

Claire Lavin, Eric Barbier de la Serre, Matt Evans, Philipp Werner The EU Commission publishes a tender offer seeking an assessment of the EU market for loan syndication and possible implications under EU competition rules

11 April 2017

In April 2017, the European Commission ("Commission") published a tender offer seeking an assessment of the EU market for loan syndication and possible implications under EU competition rules. The successful candidate will draft a report providing an overview of the market and the relevant (...)

Ilan Sherr The UK High Court concludes that multilateral interchange fees were not restrictive of competition and can be exempted under article 101(3) (MasterCard)

30 January 2017

On 30 January 2017, the United Kingdom (UK) High Court handed down a judgment in favour of MasterCard in a damages claim brought by UK retailers (including Next, Acadia Group and Asda). The claimants alleged that MasterCard’s multilateral interchange fees (MIFs) were illegally restrictive of (...)

Richard Burton The EU General Court endorses a strict approach to ancillary restraints (Portugal Telecom / Telefónica)

28 June 2016

Portugal Telecom and Telefonica cases – Non-compete clauses: General Court endorses strict approach to ancillary restraints Non-compete clauses are standard practice in the context of the acquisition of a business to protect a purchaser’s investment. They guarantee the transfer to the purchaser (...)

Alain Ronzano Infringement by object: The General Court of the European Union confirms the qualification of restriction by object of the non-compete clause between Spanish and Portuguese telephone operators following the acquisition of a brazilian operator by the Spanish operator (Portugal Telecom/Telefónica)

28 June 2016

Le 28 juin 2016, le Tribunal de l’Union européenne a rendu deux arrêts dans les affaires T-208/13 (Portugal Telecom contre Commission) et T-216/13 (Telefónica contre Commission). Il s’agit au cas d’espèce d’une affaire d’entente mettant donc en jeu l’application de l’article 101 TFUE, mais dans le (...)

Grant McKelvey The Stockholm District Court rules that non-compete clauses exceeding 2 years are not necessarily anti-competitive by object (Alfa Quality Moving / NFB Transport Systems / ICM Kungsholms)

16 May 2016

Missing a moving target: Stockholm District Court rules on non-compete clauses*The Stockholm District Court has found against the Swedish Competition Authority (SCA) that a non-compete clause lasting five years did not constitute an infringement of competition rules by object, and has further (...)

Polish Competition Authority The Polish Competition Authority fines a gas supplier for failing to fully comply with a commitment decision (PGNiG)

25 September 2015

PGNiG, Poland’s leading gas supplier, fined for failing to fully comply with a commitment decision* UOKiK has fined Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (PGNiG), a leading Polish oil and gas company, EUR 2.45 mln for failing to comply with a part of the commitment decision it had accepted in (...)

Orsolya Staniszewski The Hungarian Competition Authority interprets the notion of a “direct participant” and confirms that non-competition obligation clauses which benefit the vendor are unlikely to qualify as ancillary restraints (Ringier Axel Springer / Central Médiacsoport)

29 October 2014

On 29 October 2014 the Hungarian Competition Authority cleared the acquisition of two employment websites by Ringier Axel Springer Media AG(“RASMAG”), but warned that the restrictions imposed on the purchaser in the sale and purchase agreement may not qualify as ancillary restraints. It also made (...)

Irene Fraile The EU Court of Justice dismisses the final appeal in a case regarding inter-bank card fees (MasterCard)

11 September 2014

On 11 September 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) dismissed MasterCard’s final appeal against an antitrust infringement decision of 2007. This judgment finally put an end to a seven-year long legal battle over inter-bank card fees and may have a profound impact on banks, (...)

Alain Ronzano Restriction of competition by effect: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the anti-competitive nature of the multilateral interchange fees applied by a major card payment system (MasterCard)

11 September 2014

Par arrêt rendu le 11 septembre 2014 dans l’affaire C-382/12 (MasterCard Inc. e.a. contre Commission), la Cour de justice de l’Union a confirmé en tous points l’arrêt rendu par le Tribunal le 24 mai 2012, dans l’affaire T-111/08 (MasterCard, Inc e.a./Commission) aux termes duquel il avait validé la (...)

Kirstie Nicholson The Competition Commission of Singapore clears an acquisition and concludes that a non-solicitation restriction included as part of the merger notification did not amount to ancillary restrictions to the notified acquisition (Cebu Air, SEAir)

20 August 2014

On 20 August 2014, the Competition Commission of Singapore (the “CCS”) issued its grounds of decision clearing the completed acquisition by Cebu Air, Inc. (“Cebu”), of Southeast Asian Airlines (SEAir), Inc. (“SEAir”) (the “Decision”). The CCS, however, concluded that the Strategic Alliance Agreement (...)

Michael A. Carrier The US District Court for the Northern District of California finds that an athletics association’s rules restricting payments to student-athletes violate antitrust laws (O’Bannon / NCAA)

8 August 2014

On August 8, 2014, in O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Judge Claudia Wilken of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California found that the NCAA violated the antitrust laws by enacting rules that prevented student-athletes from being paid for the use (...)

Vagnoni The Italian Competition Authority clears a transaction between leading insurance firms for the acquisition of control of a company operating in the same insurance sector (Società Cattolica di Assicurazione / FATA Assicurazioni Danni)

5 March 2014

Background With decision n. 24828 of last 5th March 2014 the Italian Competition Authority (the “Authority”) cleared a transaction for the sale and purchase of shares representing the entire corporate capital of FATA Assicurazioni Danni S.p.A. (“FATA”) from Generali Italia S.p.A. (“Generali (...)

Pablo González De Zárate Catón The EU Advocate General Mengozzi proposes to the Court of Justice to uphold the Commission’s decision prohibiting multilateral interchange fees (Mastercard)

30 January 2014

Background information In its Decision of 19 December 2007 the Commission prohibited Mastercard’s multilateral interchange fees (MIF) that apply to cross-border payments with MasterCard and Maestro-branded consumer credit and debit cards between Member States of the European Economic Area (...)

Kirstie Nicholson The Competition Commission of Singapore ceases investigations into a non-compete clause following a voluntary agreement not to enforce the clause (F&N / Heineken)

4 November 2013

On 4 November 2013, the Competition Commission of Singapore (the “CCS”) issued a media release confirming that it had ceased its investigations into a non-compete clause contained in the Share Purchase Agreement relating to the completed acquisition by Heineken International B.V. (“Heineken”) of (...)

Alain Ronzano Clearance: The French Competition Authority clears a merger in the production and distribution of mineral fertilizers sector (Fertilore/Roullier)

17 October 2013

La décision n° 13-DCC-145 du 17 octobre 2013 relative à la prise de contrôle de la société Fertilore S.A.S. par le groupe Roullier concerne une opération emportant un chevauchement d’activités sur le segment aval de la distribution d’engrais minéraux, mais aussi, à l’amont, dans la production d’engrais (...)

Alain Ronzano Clearance : The French Competition Authority clears an acquisition of sole control of certain activities of an agricultural cooperative (Terra Lacta/Bongrain)

26 August 2013

La décision n° 13-DCC-115 du 26 août 2013 relative à la prise de contrôle exclusif de certaines activités laitières et fromagères de Terra Lacta par le groupe Bongrain est intéressante à plus d’un titre. En premier lieu, la prise de contrôle exclusif de certaines activités laitières et fromagères de (...)

Ercüment Erdem The Turkish Competition Board authorizes the acquisition of a Turkish water supplier by a multinational company (Sirma / Danone)

29 May 2013

The Turkish Competition Board (“Board’’) authorized the acquisition of 51% of the shares of Sırmagrup İçecek Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (“Sırma’’) by Danone SA (“Danone’’), since this transaction does not create a dominant position or strengthen an existing dominant position in the relevant market. Parties to (...)

Aranka Nagy, Tihamer Toth The Hungarian Competition Authority restricts the scope and duration of ancillary restrictions in the context of a merger (Borealis / Dex)

17 April 2013

I. Facts Borealis AG (“Borealis”) acquired sole control over Borealis Plastomers 1 BV (“BP1”) and Borealis Plastomers 2 BV (“BP2”). Through this latter transaction it also acquired indirect sole control over DEX-Plastomers V.O.F. (“DEX”) that was jointly controlled by BP1 and BP2 before the (...)

Estelle Jegou, Sergio Sorinas Ancillary restraint: The French Competition Authority allows a concentration in the transportation sector to proceed, and declines to consider an exclusive supply agreement as an ancillary restraint (Novatrans, Charles André Group)

14 March 2013

Par une décision du 14 mars 2013, l’Autorité de la concurrence a autorisé la prise de contrôle exclusif de Novatrans par le Groupe Charles André (GCA), deux sociétés actives dans le secteur des transports de marchandises. Avant 2006, Novatrans était détenue conjointement par la SNCF, le Groupe Charles (...)

Aranka Nagy, Tihamer Toth The Hungarian Competition Authority establishes that a contractual restriction cannot be regarded as an ancillary restriction if one of the parties does not constitute an undertaking directly participating in a merger (Spar / Match)

12 March 2013

I. Facts SPAR Magyarország Kereskedelmi Kft. (“Spar”) acquired sole control over a part of Csemege-Match Kereskedelmi Zrt. (“Match”) that comprised assets, equipments and employees of the retail store (“Store”) of Match situated in the MOM Park shopping mall. On the same day when the above-mentioned (...)

Eszter Ritter The Hungarian Competition Office rules on ancillary restraints and provides an overview of its related practice (Waberer/Szemerey)

20 December 2012

On 20 December 2012 the Hungarian Competition Office ("HCO") cleared a concentration between two Hungarian companies active in forwarding and logistics (Waberer’s Logisztika Kft. ("Waberer") as acquirer and Szemerey Transport Zrt. ("Szemerey") as target) and provided a useful summary of the (...)

Michel Debroux Multilateral interchange fees: The General Court confirms a Commission’s decision against an international payment organisation (Mastercard)

24 May 2012

GCEU, 24 May 2012, MasterCard a.o. v. Commission, case T-111/08 C’est une longue procédure qui vient de connaître un épilogue, peut-être provisoire, devant le Tribunal de l’Union, avec la confirmation de la décision de la Commission du 19 décembre 2007 condamnant le système des commissions (...)

Didier Ferrier Selective distribution: The Toulouse Court of Appeal qualifies as disproportionate and likely to distort competition the clause of a selective distribution agreement requiring the presence, physical and permanent, of a pharmacist who holds a degree at the outlet of cosmetic products (Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmétique)

17 January 2012

Curieusement, la distribution sélective qui avait été, il y a plus de trente ans, reconnue par les juges avant de l’être par les autorités de concurrence, apparaît aujourd’hui plus sévèrement appréciée par les premiers que par les seconds. Après la condamnation par la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (...)

Peter Demcak, Robert Neruda The Slovak Antimonopoly Office approved a joint venture in the chemical sector (Henkel/Tiande)

16 December 2011

Relevant facts Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic, Department of concentrations ("Office") approved the concentration consisting in the creation of a joint venture of Henkel Hong Kong Holding Limited ("Henkel") and Tiande Chemical Holdings Limited ("Tiande"). Proceedings before the (...)

Jeffrey May The US Supreme Court declines a petition for review in an antitrust case related to multiple listing service (Realcomp II)

11 October 2011

Antitrust Decision from Supreme Court Unlikely During Current Term* It is beginning to look like the U.S. Supreme Court will not be taking up any antitrust cases in the current term. Last week, the Court denied six petitions for review in antitrust-related matters. Just yesterday, the Court (...)

Jeffrey May The US Supreme Court denies petition to review antitrust price-fixing case in the gasoline industry (Refined petroleum products antitrust litigation)

3 October 2011

Antitrust Decision from Supreme Court Unlikely During Current Term* It is beginning to look like the U.S. Supreme Court will not be taking up any antitrust cases in the current term. Last week, the Court denied six petitions for review in antitrust-related matters. Just yesterday, the Court (...)

Jeffrey May The US Supreme Court denies petition to review alleged antitrust conspiracy case in the health care sector (UPMC / West Penn Allegheny Health System)

3 October 2011

Antitrust Decision from Supreme Court Unlikely During Current Term* It is beginning to look like the U.S. Supreme Court will not be taking up any antitrust cases in the current term. Last week, the Court denied six petitions for review in antitrust-related matters. Just yesterday, the Court (...)

Jeffrey May The US Supreme Court denies petition to review conviction for conspiring to obstruct justice in a price-fixing investigation in carbon products industry (Norris)

3 October 2011

Antitrust Decision from Supreme Court Unlikely During Current Term* It is beginning to look like the U.S. Supreme Court will not be taking up any antitrust cases in the current term. Last week, the Court denied six petitions for review in antitrust-related matters. Just yesterday, the Court (...)

Ercüment Erdem The Turkish Competition Authority releases new guidelines for mergers and acquisitions

27 June 2011

The Guidelines for Undertakings Concerned, Turnover and Ancillary Restraints in Mergers and Acquisitions (the “Guidelines”) which was published in the official website of the Competition Authority on June 27, 2011, was prepared with a view to facilitate the enforcement of the Communiqué No. (...)

Peter J. Wang, Sébastien J. Evrard, Yizhe Zhang The Chinese MOFCOM approves merger between potash producers but requires they continue to supply the Chinese market (Uralkali / Silvinit)

2 June 2011

On June 2, 2011, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) announced conditional approval of the merger between Russian potash producers Silvinit and Uralkali. Since the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law ("AML") entered into force in 2008, MOFCOM has published only eight decisions, as it makes public only (...)

Nathalie Jalabert-Doury Ancillary restraints: The French Competition Authority approves without much discussion a clause restricting the ability to join another group during 2 years, combined with a preference clause (Sector of fresh fruits, vegetables and sea products wholesale)

15 February 2011

Aut. conc., déc. n° 11-D-03 du 15 février 2011 relative à des pratiques mises en œuvre dans le secteur du commerce de gros des fruits et légumes et produits de la mer frais. Aux termes d’une décision de non-lieu, l’Autorité a validé une clause de non-réaffiliation de 2 ans, assortie d’un droit de (...)

Alain Ronzano Ancillary restriction: The French NCA rules that there is no need to continue the proceeding concerning a clause restricting the ability to join another group in the sector of fresh fruit, vegetables and sea products.

15 February 2011

Le 15 février 2011, l’Autorité de la concurrence a rendu une décision n° 11- D-03 relative à des pratiques mises en oeuvre dans le secteur du commerce de gros des fruits et légumes et produits de la mer frais, au terme de laquelle, considérant qu’il n’est pas démontré que les pratiques en cause violent (...)

Alfonso Lamadrid De Pablo The EU Commission issues new guidelines on the applicability of Art. 101 TFEU to horizontal co-operation agreements equating information exchanges between competitors with cartels

14 January 2011

Information exchange=cartel?* Many have praised the inclusion of some guidance on exchanges of information within the new EU Guidelines on horizontal agreements. Personally, I agree with those arguing that guidance from the Commission was necessary, and I acknowledge that there are some useful (...)

Porter Elliott The French Competition Authority rejects complaint against certain pay TV exclusivity arrangements on grounds of previous merger clearance decision (Canal +)

16 November 2010

On 16 November 2010, the French Competition Authority rejected an antitrust complaint directed against certain exclusivity arrangements concluded by Groupe Canal Plus on the French pay TV markets, insofar as these arrangements were “ancillary” to the French Minister of Economy’s Canal (...)

Joseph Vogel, Louis Vogel The French Competition Authority confirms a dominant position of Canal Plus on the pay-TV market (Groupe Canal +)

16 November 2010

Par une décision du 30 août 2006 (LawLex200600001904JBJ), le ministre de l’Economie avait autorisé, dans le secteur de la télévision payante, la prise de contrôle de TPS par Vivendi Universal/Groupe Canal Plus. Saisie a posteriori de la licéité de clauses d’exclusivité et de non-concurrence qui (...)

Gabriele Accardo The EU Commission declares that it won’t open formal proceedings against changed policies on restrictions imposed on the development of applications for smart phones operating system and cross-border warranties (Apple iPhone)

25 September 2010

European Commission closes preliminary investigations into Apple’s iPhone policies* On 25 September 2010, the European Commission declared that it would not open formal proceedings against Apple, following Apple’s iPhone change of policies on restrictions on the development of applications (or (...)

Laurence Nicolas-Vullierme Banking sector - Sanction: The French Competition Authority condemns 11 banks to a amount of 384,9 Millions € (Banking sector)

20 September 2010

Aut. conc., déc. n° 10-D-28 du 20 septembre 2010 relative aux tarifs et aux conditions liées appliquées par les banques et les établissements financiers pour le traitement des chèques remis aux fins d’encaissement Non ! Les banques ne sont pas toujours au-dessus des lois... de la concurrence. Publiée (...)

Anne Wachsmann, Nadine Mouy Nadine MOUY (French Competition Authority): The new merger guidelines

February 2010

L’une des premières questions que l’on se pose naturellement est celle de la portée juridique de ces LD, telle qu’expliquée aux paragraphes 12 et 13, que ce soit vis-à-vis de l’ADLC ou vis-à-vis des entreprises qui vont l’invoquer. Pouvez-vous nous en dire un mot ? Quelles sont, de façon synthétique (...)

French Competition Authority The French Competition Authority clears, subject to conditions, a merger in the sector of distribution of DIY, decoration and gardening items (Mr Bricolage / Passerelle)

12 January 2010

Subject to several conditions, the Autorité de la concurrence authorizes the acquisition of the Passerelle group by Mr Bricolage.* The Autorité de la concurrence has examined the acquisition of the Passerelle group by the Mr Bricolage group, both of which are active in the sector of the (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Personal data • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of effectiveness • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of equivalence • Principle of proportionnality • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Professional association • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)