Commission, European

This Glossary matches the list of keywords used by Concurrences search engine. Each keyword is automatically updated by the most recent EU and national case laws from the e-Competitions Bulletin and Concurrences Review. The definitions are excerpt from DG COMP’s Glossary of terms used in EU competition policy (© European Union, 2002) and the OECD’s Glossary of industrial organisation economics and competition law (© OECD, 1993).

De minimis notice

Communication from the Commission clarifying under what conditions the impact of an agreement or practice on competition within the common market can in its view be considered to be non-appreciable, namely where the aggregate market share of the undertakings involved remains below certain thresholds. In addition, agreements between small and medium-sized enterprises are said to be rarely capable of significantly affecting trade between Member States or competition within the common market, they will in any event not normally be of sufficient Community interest to justify intervention. In short, agreements or practices falling under the "de minimis" notice are considered to be of minor Community importance and are not examined by the Commission under EU competition law. Certain cases may, however, be examined by national competition authorities. © European Commission

See Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice) (OJ C 291, 30.8.2014, p. 1–4).

Related EU and national case law

Alain Ronzano Targeted consultation: The European Commission launches two targeted consultations on the 2013 de minimis regulation and the ex-post evaluation of the 2014 aviation guidelines (De minimis regulation; Aviation Guidelines)

29 May 2019

En janvier 2019, la Commission européenne a annoncé son intention de prolonger sept séries de règles relatives aux aides d’État pour une période de deux ans et a lancé une évaluation complète de sa politique dans le domaine des aides d’État (« bilan de qualité »). L’objectif est de vérifier dans quelle (...)

Francesco Martucci Selectivity: The French Supreme Administrative Court rules that the tax credit scheme “incentive” did not entail a selective advantage (FerroPem)

13 March 2019

Par un arrêt en date du 13 mars 2019, le Conseil d’État a estimé que le régime du crédit d’impôt intéressement ne comporte pas d’avantage sélectif et a donc exclu la qualification d’aide d’État. En l’espèce, une société avait demandé au tribunal administratif de Montreuil de prononcer la restitution d’une (...)

Alain Ronzano Control: The European Commission extends the general regulation on block exemption and the de minimis regulation, as well as several guidelines and communications, and begins a quality audit (Modernization of State aid control)

7 January 2019

La Commission entend prolonger jusqu’en 2022 le règlement général d’exemption par catégorie (RGEC) et le règlement de minimis, ainsi que plusieurs lignes directrices et communication et entame une évaluation sous la forme d’un « bilan de qualité » de l’ensemble des règles adoptées dans le cadre de la (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Commission finds a Cypriot State aid scheme for vulnerable households borrowers to be compatible with the internal market

3 December 2018

Article published on StateAidHub: http://stateaidhub.eu, republished in e-Competitions with the courtesy of the author. The original title of this article appears below the e-Competitions title. Authors are welcome to write an alternative article on this case/text, provided they have no (...)

Alain Ronzano De minimis: The General Court of the European Union considers that the export aids are likely to affect trade between member states and rules that the 2006 regulation on de minimis aids does not violate article 35 TFEU forbidding quantitative restrictions for export and that it does not oppose to a national rule excluding a tax benefit constituting a de minims aid when the aid is determined by the quantity exported (ZPT AD)

28 February 2018

Le 28 février 2018, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu son arrêt dans l’affaire C-518/16 (ZPT AD), laquelle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une demande préjudicielle introduite par le Tribunal de la ville de Sofia en Bulgarie. À l’origine de cette demande se trouve le litige opposant « ZPT » AD à (...)

Bruno Stromsky ’De minimis’ Regulation: The Court of justice of the European Union rules that the prohibition of de minimis aids linked to export is valid and interprets it as applying only to aids whose purpose is the promotion of sales in another Member State (ZPT/Narodno)

28 February 2018

L’affaire ZPT peut sembler assez étrange. Elle appartient à la catégorie souvent suspecte des cas dans lesquels une entreprise se plaint de ne pas avoir reçu une aide d’État et les conditions dans lesquelles elle a pris naissance peuvent paraître bien atypiques. La société bulgare ZPT a demandé à (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Court of Justice finds that Bulgaria’s refusal to grant de minimis aid on exports is valid as it related to the promotion of sales in another Member State (ZPT AD)

28 February 2018

Article published on StateAidHub: http://stateaidhub.eu, republished in e-Competitions with the courtesy of the author. The original title of this article appears below the e-Competitions title. Authors are welcome to write an alternative article on this case/text, provided they have no (...)

Adrien Alberini The Swiss Federal Tribunal renders a judgement taking a hard line on vertical restraints (BMW)

24 October 2017

In the wake of its much-awaited decision in the Gaba case, the Swiss Federal Tribunal – the highest Court in Switzerland – handed down its BMW judgment. Both cases concern vertical restraints (absolute territorial protection) and put an end to an issue that has been widely debated, namely whether (...)

Christoph Krüger The German Federal Court of Justice quashes a decision which had ruled that minimum resale pricing did not result in an appreciable restriction of competition given its limited timeframe and scope (Almased Wellness)

17 October 2017

In its judgment of 17 October 2017, the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof - “BGH” or the “Court”) quashed a decision taken by the Celle Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht Celle – “OLG Celle”) in April 2016 which had ruled that minimum resale pricing did not result in an appreciable (...)

European Competition Network Brief The German Competition Authority approves merger in the glass recycling market under de minimis rule (Rethmann GRI VSB)

4 August 2017

Bundeskartellamt clears acquisition of glass recycling companies by the Rethmann group* Bonn, 4 August 2017: The Bundeskartellamt has cleared plans by the Rethmann group to acquire two glass recycling companies, G.R.I.-Glasrecycling NV (Lummen, Belgium) and VSB Holding NV (Lummen, Belgium). (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Commission finds that Danish support for local sports associations is not State aid and that, if it were, it would be compatible according to the General Block Exemption Regulation (Denmark - support to local sports associations)

22 June 2017

Article published on StateAidHub: http://stateaidhub.eu, republished in e-Competitions with the courtesy of the author. The original title of this article appears below the e-Competitions title. Authors are welcome to write an alternative article on this case/text, provided they have no (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Government of India revises method of calculation of thresholds for merger control and extends target exemption to mergers and amalgamations

27 March 2017

Central government revises method of calculation of thresholds for merger control and extends target exemption to mergers and amalgamations* The Ministry of Corporate Affairs, through a Gazette notification dated March 27, 2017 has modified the method of calculation of assets and turnover for (...)

Matt Evans The UK Competition and Markets Authority is consulting on proposed changes to the UK merger regime to reduce the burden of investigations into mergers where the parties operate in small markets

23 January 2017

UK merger control process The UK operates a two-stage merger control regime. Before starting a formal merger investigation, the CMA will conduct pre-notification discussions with the parties, which typically last one to two months. Upon conclusion of these discussions, the CMA opens a formal (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Authority fines merging parties for failure to disclose global acquisition of the healthcase antisepsis business (Schulke / ASP Division of Ethicon)

13 January 2017

CCI penalizes Schulke and Mayr GmBH (Schulke) for delayed filing in relation to the acquisition of Healthcare Antisepsis Solutions (HAS) business of Johnson & Johnson Private Limited (JJPL)* CCI, by its order dated January 13, 2017 has imposed a penalty of INR 25,00,000 on Schulke on (...)

Carlos Vérgez Muñoz The Spanish Competition Authority declares exempt retail price maintenance practices by a cosmetics laboratory on the basis of the de minimis theory (Laboratorio Martí Tor)

15 December 2016

The Spanish Competition Authority (“SCA”) has considered in a decision dated 15 December 2016 that certain retail price maintenance (“RPM”) practices carried out by cosmetic laboratory Martí Tor was not capable of significantly affecting competition, and thereby, of infringing Article 1 of the (...)

Marianne Faessel, Sophie-Anne Descoubès ICN : The French Competition Authority hosts the 2016 International competition network’s Merger Roundtable

3 December 2016

77 participants de plus de 35 juridictions différentes ont participé à la table ronde du groupe de travail “Concentrations” de l’International Competition Network (ICN) organisée le 3 décembre 2016 à Paris par l’Autorité de la concurrence, co-présidente du groupe. Isabelle de Silva, présidente de (...)

Joseph Vogel, Louis Vogel The Paris Court of Appeal confirms that the Competition Authority can sue anti-competitive agreements even under the threshold of the de minimis rule (SNCF/ Expedia)

11 November 2016

La SNCF, en situation de monopole sur le marché français du transport ferroviaire, avait conclu avec une agence de voyages un accord de partenariat qui réorientait exclusivement ses clients vers leur nouvelle agence de voyage en ligne commune : le site voyage-sncf.com. La Cour d’appel de Paris (...)

Alain Ronzano Formal investigation procedure: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the partial annulment of a decision finding no State aid despite serious difficulties relating to public guarantees potentially qualifying as de minimis aids (Land Hessen)

12 October 2016

Le 12 octobre 2016, la Cour de justice de l’Union a rendu un arrêt dans l’affaire C-242/15 (Land Hessen). Elle y rejette le pourvoi introduit par le Land de Hesse contre l’arrêt rendu le 17 mars 2015 dans l’affaire T-89/09 (Pollmeier Massivholz GmbH & Co. KG contre Commission européenne), à la (...)

Ciara Barbu-O’Connor, Jacques Derenne Serious difficulties: The Court of Justice of the European Union confirms the General Court of the European Union’s judgment by which the latter partially annulled a European Commission’s decision for an erroneous calculation method of the aid element of the litigious guarantees (Land Hessen / Pollmeier Massivholz)

12 October 2016

Pollmeier Massivholz est une société allemande qui exploite plusieurs scieries près de la frontière du Land de Hesse. Contexte de l’affaire En 2007, la Commission a reçu une plainte de Pollmeier Massivholz dénonçant de prétendues aides illégales visant à soutenir l’établissement d’une nouvelle scierie (...)

Werner Berg The German Government introduces proposal to reform the Act against Restraint of Competition

21 September 2016

Government proposal amends local nexus requirement for new transaction value threshold* On 21 September 2016, the German Government has introduced a formal legislative proposal (Gesetzesvorschlag – “Government Proposal”) for the reform of the Act against Restraint of Competition (“ARC”; 9th (...)

Werner Berg The German Federal Ministry of Economics proposes a transaction value threshold to require notification of high value deals even with no / de minimis sales in Germany

1 July 2016

Germany proposes transaction value threshold to require notification of high value deals even with no / de minimis sales in Germany* With little fanfare, on Friday, 1 July 2016, among a raft of other amendments to the Act against Restraint of Competition (‘ARC’; 9th amendment), the Federal (...)

Deeksha Manchanda The Competition Commission of India passes an order on assessment of vertical restraints under the Competition Act but leaves several questions unanswered (Shri Ghanshyam Das Vij / Bajaj)

12 October 2015

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) on 12 October 2015 passed an order on assessment of vertical restraints under the Competition Act, 2002 (Act) — leaving many questions unanswered. Factual background A distributor of various ayurvedic and general health products of various companies (...)

André Pretorius, Henar González Durántez, Kristien Geeurickx, Kyriakos Fountoukakos, Michael Dietrich, Sergio Sorinas The EU Court of Justice rules on issues concerning retroactive rebates and the procedures through which these rebates can be characterized as abusive (Post Danmark II)

6 October 2015

Introduction On 6 October 2015, the European Court of Justice (the Court) issued its preliminary ruling in Post Danmark A/S v Konkurrencerådet (Competition Council), which concerns the antitrust treatment of a retroactive rebate scheme in the market for the distribution of bulk mail. The case (...)

Man Mohan Sharma The Indian Competition Appellate Tribunal reverses the Indian Competition Authority’s fine imposed on a travel agency for not notifying an otherwise exempt transaction (Thomas Cook / Sterling)

26 August 2015

Competition Appellate Tribunal sets aside penalty imposed on Thomas Cook & others for nonnotification of an otherwise exempted transaction* In its first decision on substantive aspects of merger control, the Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) by its order dated August 26, 2015 has set (...)

Bruno Stromsky New aid : The General Court of the European Union considers that the Commission could not find new aid in relation to an aid scheme initially declared compatible subject to conditions which were not respected by the Member State (Italy/Commission)

24 June 2015

Entre 1995 et 2002, les producteurs italiens ont dépassé les quotas laitiers qui leur avaient été attribués. Ils auraient donc dû s’acquitter de prélèvements supplémentaires auprès de l’Union européenne. L’Italie a toutefois demandé au Conseil l’autorisation d’instituer un régime d’aides en faveur de ces (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU General Court reminds Member States that individual awards of de minimis aid must remain below the relevant threshold as well as the sum of all individual awards in any three-year period (Italy)

24 June 2015

The Use and Abuse of De Minimis Aid & State Resources* Individual awards of de minimis aid must remain below the relevant threshold as well as the sum of all individual awards in any three-year period. Introduction This article reviews a case that, among other things, deal with the use (...)

Inge Govaere, Pablo Ibáñez Colomo De minimis: An overview of EU and national case law

28 May 2015

1. Introduction Delimitation of national law and EU law and the proper qualification of ‘purely national situations’ has been a consistent source of questioning, leading up to an important body of case-law in all fields of EU law (again recently illustrated by the McCarthy case in relation to (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Commission reminds that aid measures which are funded by beneficiaries themselves are unlikely to constitute State aid (Flemish Centre for Agricultural and Fisheries Marketing)

28 May 2015

Commission in decision SA.39652* Aid measures which are funded by beneficiaries themselves are unlikely to constitute State aid. De minimis aid may be granted on condition that not only individual awards of aid remain below the various thresholds defined in different de minimis regulations (...)

Edward William Batchelor The ECJ Advocate General Kokott deals another blow to economic assessment of rebates (Post Danmark II)

21 May 2015

Advocate general deals another blow to economic assessment of rebates* It is never a good sign when an advocate general’s opinion warns the European Court of Justice (ECJ) not to be swayed by “ephemeral trends” or the “Zeitgeist” of economic analysis, but instead to stick to the “legal foundations (...)

Florian Wagner-von Papp De minimis : An overview of EU and national case law

6 May 2015

1. De minimis in Article 101(1) TFEU The appreciability requirement has received renewed attention after the CJEU held in Expedia that ‘an agreement that may affect trade between Member States and that has an anti-competitive object constitutes, by its nature and independently of any concrete (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Commission finds a measure allowing a rental agreement to accommodate medical practitioners at a preferential rate not to constitute State aid for being to limited and lacking of affectation of interstate trade (Medical centre in Durmersheim)

29 April 2015

Germany Scores a Hat-trick of Non-Aid Measures!* At the end of April, the European Commission announced that seven measures were found not to constitute State aid because they could not be reasonably expected to affect cross-border trade. The finding of no affectation of trade is rare. That (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Concept of State aid : The General Court of the European Union dismisses the appeal of Belgium against the decision of the Commission declaring partly compatible and partly incompatible with the internal market the funding of tests of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Belgium/Commission)

25 March 2015

Trib. UE, 25 mars 2015, Belgique c/ Commission, aff. T-538/11, EU:T:2015:188 Afin de faire face à la crise sanitaire de la vache folle, le règlement n° 999/2001 a rendu obligatoires des tests de dépistage, notamment, de l’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB). Du 1er janvier 2001 au 31 décembre (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Court of Justice and General Court explain how to determine whether state guarantees constitute State aid and, if yes, how much aid is involved (Banco Privado Português)

19 March 2015

State Guarantees* The amount of State aid in a guarantee that makes possible the granting of a loan to a well-collateralised firm in difficulty is not the difference in premium but the difference in interest rates. Beneficiaries of guarantees not notified to the Commission do not have any (...)

Caroline Tixier, Jacques Derenne Guarantee - Calculation : The General Court of the European Union rejects the method used by the Commission to calculate the aid element in a guarantee (Pollmeier Massivholz)

17 March 2015

Trib. UE, 17 mars 2015, Pollmeier Massivholz c/ Commission, aff. T-89/09, ECLI:EU:T:2015:153 Le contexte de l’affaire La requérante Pollmeier est une société allemande active dans le secteur de la scierie de feuillus proche du Land de Hesse (Allemagne). En 2007, elle dépose une plainte auprès de (...)

Alain Ronzano De minimis aids: The General Court of the European Union annuls in part a Commission’s decision finding no aid, pointing out serious difficulties as to whether the public guarantees involved might have been qualified as de minimis aids and led the Commission to initiate a formal investigation procedure (Pollmeier Massivholz)

17 March 2015

Tribunal, 17 mars 2015, affaire T-89/09 (Pollmeier Massivholz GmbH & Co. KG contre Commission européenne) À la faveur d’un arrêt rendu le 17 mars 2015 dans l’affaire T-89/09 (Pollmeier Massivholz GmbH & Co. KG contre Commission européenne), le Tribunal de l’Union européenne est venu annuler (...)

Raphaël Vuitton Failure of a Member State : The Court of Justice of the European Union holds that France has not taken all the necessary measures to recover aid granted illegally in the context of ‘contingency plans’ to French fruit and vegetable producers (Commission/France)

12 February 2015

CJUE, 12 fév 2015, Commission c/ France, aff. C-37/14, EU:C:2015:90 Entre 1992 et 2002, la France a octroyé des aides aux producteurs français de fruits et légumes dans le cadre de “plans de campagne”, qui visaient à prévenir ou, en cas de crise, à atténuer les effets d’excédents momentanés de l’offre (...)

European Competition Network Brief The Austrian Cartel Court imposes fines totalling € 17 468 091 on 30 companies active in the freight forwarding market for infringement of Art. 101 TFEU by agreeing on tariffs for domestic combined shipments (SSK)

19 December 2014

Cartel in the Freight Forwarding Market* On 19 December 2014 the Cartel Court imposed fines totalling € 17 468 091 on 30 companies active in the freight forwarding market for infringement of Article 101 TFEU by agreeing on tariffs for domestic combined shipments. A declaratory decision was (...)

Richard Burton The European Court of Justice provides further guidance on long-term exclusive purchase and non-compete obligations (Estación de Servicio Pozuelo v Galp Energía España)

4 December 2014

On 4 December 2014, the European Court of Justice (the “ECJ”) issued an order addressing two preliminary questions from the Spanish Supreme Court concerning an exclusive purchase obligation, which presumably prevented the party bound by the exclusivity from purchasing the products of competing (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The European Commission finds State aid in the form of subordinated loans to SMEs to be compatible with the internal market (Subordinated loans for SMEs – Saxony)

25 November 2014

Loans for SMEs* Low-interest loans may be used to support investments. The granting of de minimis aid through loans is possible only if loans are secured against collateral. The 2008 Commission Communication on interest rates does not apply to subordinated, non-collateralised loans. (...)

Anaïs Moyrand, Michel Debroux De minimis: The European Commission adopts revised safe harbor rules for agreements of minor importance

30 August 2014

La Commission européenne a publié, le 30 août 2014, une version révisée des règles régissant les accords d’importance mineure qui ne restreignent pas sensiblement le jeu de la concurrence, afin de tenir compte notamment du récent arrêt Expedia de la Cour de Justice (CJUE, 13 décembre 2012, aff. (...)

Ahmet Fatih Ozkan The Turkish Competition Authority fines private teaching institutions for forming a cartel to fix fees and discount rates (Tokat Dershaneleri)

11 August 2014

This case note analyses the decision of the Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) in which it has fined five private teaching institutions operating in the city of Tokat on the grounds that they formed a cartel to fix fees and limit discount rates for their services between the years 2009 and (...)

Jeffrey May A US Court of Appeals rules that one firm’s ability to break into the relevant market does not foreclose the possibility that another company monopolized or attempted to monopolize said market (Lenox / Medtronic)

5 August 2014

Monopoly Claims Can Survive Summary Judgment: Medtronic Must Defend Conduct in “Bone Mill” Market* One firm’s ability to break into the market for “bone mills” used in spinal-fusion surgery did not foreclose the possibility that medical device company Medtronic monopolized or attempted to (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU General Court upholds the decision of the Commission stating that compensatory payments can be State aid even if partially funded by private funds and specifies that recovery may exclude payments that satisfy the conditions of the relevant de minimis regulation (Greece)

16 July 2014

Compensatory Payments Can be State Aid* Main points Article 107(1) also applies to payments that offset the damage caused by natural disasters. It is irrelevant that the compensation is partial or that competitors did not suffer similar damage. A measure can be State aid even if it is (...)

Hicham Bouayad The Moroccan Parliament adopts two complementary laws concerning competition rules (Law No 104-12 and Law No 20-13)

30 June 2014

« The views expressed herein are of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Moroccan Competition Authority » The competition’s regulation institutional architecture is expected to undergo a radical change in its structure. The first harbingers of this long-awaited (...)

Andreas Stargard The EU Commission releases its revised de minimis notice explaining that agreements having as their object the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market fall outside the scope of the notice

25 June 2014

Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose: Revised EU de minimis notice retains % thresholds, clarifies per se rule* Nothing new: The newly-revised de minimis notice of the European Commission isn’t that novel The revised Notice (after its 1997 and 2001 predecessors) retains the 10% and 15% (...)

Alain Ronzano Article 101 TFEU: The European Commission adopts revised safe harbour rules for minor agreements ("De Minimis Notice")

25 June 2014

Le 25 juin 2014, la Commission a rendu publique la version révisée de sa communication concernant les accords d’importance mineure qui ne restreignent pas sensiblement le jeu de la concurrence au sens de l’article 101 (1), du traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne(communication de (...)

Alexandre G. Verheyden, Bernard Amory, Yvan N. Desmedt The European Commission adopts revised safe harbor rules for minor agreements and provides guidance on "by object" restrictions of competition

25 June 2014

The European Commission has published revised safe harbor rules for agreements that are not deemed to appreciably restrict competition. This is the so-called "De Minimis Notice," the first version of which dates back to 2001. At the same time, the Commission also published guidance on the (...)

Martina Maier State aid and judicial review: An overview of EU and national case law

13 May 2014

1. Introduction The EU courts have rendered a number of important judgments during the past two years, many of which have been controversially discussed. This Special Issue is a compilation of case annotations published by Concurrences which will certainly be a useful tool for practitioners, (...)

Phedon Nicolaides The EU Court of Justice finds failure to fulfil treaty obligations, since the member state did not recover the aid declared unlawful and incompatible with the internal market in a timely and effective manner (Commission / Spain)

13 May 2014

Article published on Lexxion State Aid Blog The Cost of not Recovering Incompatible Aid* Main points The Commission is not obliged to quantify precisely the amount of aid that has to be recovered. The Member State that fails to recover incompatible aid or fails to recover all of it risks (...)

Michael Gu The Chinese MOFCOM publishes rules setting out the eligibility criteria for simple merger cases entitled to the simplified procedure

18 April 2014

At Last, MOFCOM Formally Adopted Simplified Merger Review Procedure* Introduction The Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”) finally published the Guiding Opinions on Notification of Simple Cases of Concentration of Undertakings (the “Guiding Opinions”) on 18 April 2014, two months after the Interim (...)

Glossary

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Arbitration • Association of undertakings

B

Barriers to entry • Below-cost resale price • Bid rigging • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing agreement • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries • Investigations/ inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation

N

Ne bis in idem • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

P

Parallel imports (parallel trade) • Passing-on • Pay-for-delay • Periodic penalty payment • Politique de concurrence • Predatory pricing • Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) • Price discrimination • Price-fixing agreement • Prices • Principle of equal treatment • Principle of proportionnality • Privacy • Private enforcement • Privatization • Procedural autonomy • Public procurement • Public undertaking

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax exemption) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)