(...) distinction between company groups and economic groups by suggesting that company groups refer to a more formal (legal) set of relationships generally involving a holding or controlling company and its subsidiaries; whereas an economic group can involve firms that may be unrelated in purpose and may not be formally linked, but nevertheless are related through common control. (...) regulators has made clear that definitions and terms used for groups differ substantially across jurisdictions. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) manage to avoid this definitional problem by applying its requirements for the filing of consolidated accounts to a group of firms controlled by another entity or individuals related to each other. In this context, “control is presumed when the parent acquires more than half of the voting rights of the entity. Even when more than one half of the voting rights is not acquired, control may be evidenced by power: over more than one half of the voting rights by virtue of an agreement with other investors; or to govern the financial and operating policies of the entity under a statute or an agreement; or to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors; or to cast the majority of votes at a meeting of the board of directors.” © OECD
Corporate group
a
Absolute territorial protection
•
Abuse of dominant position
•
Abuse of economic dependence
•
Access to essential facility
•
Access to information
•
Access to the file
•
Administered prices
•
Advocacy
•
Agency agreement
•
Agent
•
Agreement (notion)
•
Amicus curiae
•
Ancillary restraints
•
Annulment
•
Anticompetitive object or effect
•
Anticompetitive practices
•
Antitrust
•
Applicable law
•
Arbitration
•
Article 11 letter
•
Automotive distribution
b
c
Cartel
•
Civil fine
•
Clearance phase I (merger)
•
Clearance phase II (merger)
•
Collecting society
•
Collective dominance
•
Collective redress (class action)
•
Comity
•
Commission Notice
•
Competence
•
Competition policy
•
Complaint
•
Compliance programme
•
Compulsory license
•
Concerted practices
•
Concession
•
Concurrent jurisdiction
•
Consortium
•
Consumers protection
•
Consumers’ associations
•
Contract
•
Control (change)
•
Control (notion)
•
Cooperation Agreement
•
Cooperation between competition authorities
•
Coordinated effects
•
Copyright
•
Corporate group
•
Corruption
•
Cost-based access
•
Criminal sanctions
•
Cross subsidisation
d
e
ECHR
•
Economic analysis
•
Economic efficiency
•
Economies of scale
•
Effect on trade between Member States
•
Effective judicial protection
•
EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court
•
Environmental protection
•
Essential facility
•
European Competition Network (ECN)
•
Excessive prices
•
Exchanges of information
•
Exclusive distribution
•
Exclusive purchasing
•
Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)
•
Exclusivity clause
•
Exhaustion
•
Extra-territoriality
f
i
l
m
p
Parallel imports (parallel trade)
•
Passing-on
•
Pay-for-delay
•
Periodic penalty payment
•
Personal data
•
Potential competition
•
Predatory pricing
•
Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE)
•
Price discrimination
•
Price-fixing agreement
•
Prices
•
Principle of effectiveness
•
Principle of equal treatment
•
Principle of equivalence
•
Principle of proportionality
•
Private enforcement
•
Privatization
•
Procedural autonomy
•
Professional association
•
Public procurement
•
Public undertaking
r
Referral (merger)
•
Refusal to deal
•
Regulated prices
•
Regulation
•
Relevant market
•
Remedies (antitrust)
•
Remedies (antitrust)
•
Request for information
•
Resale price maintenance (RPM)
•
Resale-below-cost
•
Restriction on exportation
•
Right against self-incrimination
•
Rights of defence
•
Rule of reason
s
Sector inquiry
•
Selective distribution
•
Services of general economic interest
•
Single branding
•
Sole control
•
Spill-over effects
•
Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)
•
State action defense
•
State aid (compatibility)
•
State aid (existing aid)
•
State aid (notification)
•
State aid (notion)
•
State aid (recovery)
•
State aid (tax ruling)
•
State aid (unlawful aid)
•
State measure
•
Substitutability
•
Sudden break of established business relationships