Competition Authority, French

Prices

Institution Definition

Prices cover the consumer price index (inflation) and its forecast, the producer price index, the price level index, housing prices and share prices. Consumer price indices measure changes in average retail prices of a fixed basket of goods and services representing household consumption, whereas producer price indices measure average movements of prices received by the producers of various commodities; these are often seen as advanced indicators of price changes throughout the economy. Comparative price levels measure the differences in the general price levels of countries; they are dependent on exchange rates and should be treated with caution. Share price indices are calculated from the prices of common shares of companies traded on national or foreign stock exchanges. © OECD

Articles

Marie-Laure Allain, Ombline Ancelin, Joël Tozzi Central purchasing agencies and competition issues (Nasse Seminar - Jan 29th, 2021)

23 March 2021

During the seminar organized on January 29, 2021, Marie-Laure Allain - Director of Research at the CNRS, Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique and member of CREST and Ombline Ancelin - Partner in charge of the Competition practice at Simmons & Simmons, discussed the articulation between (...)

Claude Crampes, Thomas-Olivier Léautier White certificates and competition

February 2021

Tradable certificates are a good tool to promote economic activities when they increase the social surplus. White certificates are counterproductive, because although they encourage activities aimed at reducing energy consumption, these activities are “credence goods,” i.e., goods whose real (...)

Aurélie Zoude-Le-Berre, Nathalie Jalabert-Doury Aurélie Zoude-Le Berre: The New Caledonian Competition Authority, an authority on all fronts

February 2021

Interview conducted by Nathalie Jalabert-Doury, Partner, Mayer Brown, Paris. Ms. Zoude-Le Berre, the New Caledonian Competition Authority took up its duties on 2 March 2018 and, in two years, it has already adopted a number of opinions and decisions covering broadly the area of the (...)

Marc Ivaldi, Adrien Giraud, Umberto Berkani Opening up rail passenger transport to competition (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 28 June 2020)

September 2019

At the seminar held on 28 June 2019, Marc Ivaldi (economist, director of studies at EHESS, researcher at the Toulouse School of Economics, consultant to NERA Economic Consulting and chairman of the ITEA executive committee) and Adrien Giraud (a partner in the Latham & Watkins antitrust (...)

Marc Ivaldi, Liberty Mncube, Marina Sánchez del Villar Measuring unilateral effects under data scarcity: A merger case in South Africa

September 2020

In this paper, we use a differentiated-products setup to assess the impact on competition of a merger between Greif and Rheem South Africa. Both parties are active in the industrial packaging products sector. The parties’ activities overlap, among others, in the production of large steel drums. (...)

Christian Bergqvist Pursuing regulatory objectives under competition law

May 2020

While the Commission has stood its ground against political pressure to relax enforcement for the purpose of grooming European champions, that does not mean only economic welfare arguments have been accepted under competition law. Rather, over the years a pattern has emerged whereby, in the (...)

Timothy J. Brennan Constructing a conventional antitrust case against Google

May 2020

Because services offered by some of the so-called “FAANG” big-tech firms—Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix and Google—are free, many believe we need a basis other than the “consumer welfare” standard in antitrust. At least with respect to Google, this conflict is false. Having a “zero price” for (...)

Aurélien Portuese, Anne Witt Algorithmic antitrust (London, 6 March 2020)

September 2020

On the 6th of March 2020, few days before the Covid-19 lockdown, LL.M. Programme Director Dr Aurelien Portuese has convened a conference on “Algorithmic antitrust” in the Waldegrave Drawing Rooms of St Mary’s University London, in Twickenham. This conference was an annual conference organised as (...)

Jorge Padilla, Koren Wong-Ervin An economic approach to antitrust analysis of discriminatory licensing, grantbacks and cross-licenses, no-challenge clauses, and patent thickets

September 2019

Antitrust enforcement involving intellectual property rights - particularly standard-essential patents - continues to receive significant global attention, including most recently by OECD member countries at the June 2019 OECD Competition Committee meetings. This Article provides an economic (...)

Stéphane Rodrigues Le low cost, Emmanuel COMBE

September 2019

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Émilie Prouzet, Laurence Idot Conciliation with EU law (The reform of the French Commercial Code’s Title IV Book IV - Nanterre, April 4th, 2019)

September 2019

The Unfair Commercial Practices in the Food Supply Chain Directive Emilie Prouzet European Public Affairs Director, Federation of Commerce and Distribution, Brussels 1. In thirty years, European agriculture has experienced numerous crises, the intensity of which has particularly increased in (...)

Kane Abry-Diaw de Baye USA/EU: The convergence and specifics of EU competition law and American antitrust law regarding the prohibition of price scissors as constitutive of abuse of dominance

May 2019

In this paper, the author reports on how the European and American Competition Authorities apprehend margin squeeze, viz. the fact for dominant undertakings operating simultaneously as vertically-integrated entities and as downstream market participants to increase wholesale prices by reducing (...)

Małgorzata Modzelewska de Raad Poland: Enforcement of vertical restraints in Poland - Practitioner’s insight

May 2019

The article discusses the law and the decisional as well as judicial practice in the area of Polish competition law related to the vertical agreements. The paper puts the issue in the perspective of the overall activity of the Polish NCA and presents a close-up to the vertical restrains. It (...)

Lorenz Marx, Christian Ritz, Jonas Weller Liability for outsourced algorithmic collusion: A practical approximation

May 2019

Pricing algorithms have been one of the hottest topics in the European competition law community in recent years. While the discussion is mostly focusing on long term scenarios, this article aims to meet a more modest, yet in our view highly practically relevant, objective: The assessment of (...)

Charlotte Breuvart, Yannis Schlüter Disrupting the traditional value chain: How online platforms challenge competition rules on vertical restraints and RPM

May 2019

According to a recent Eurobarometer survey, almost half of SMEs in the EU use online marketplaces to sell their products or services. At the same time, many merchants report to have experienced resale price restrictions when selling online. Since online RPM is a widespread concern in online (...)

Christopher Milde, Roman Inderst A practical review of methods to estimate overcharges using linear regression

May 2019

Arguably the most widely used techniques for estimating price overcharges from competition law infringements are the dummy variable and the forecasting approaches using linear regression analysis. While rarely used in practice, in this note we make use of the fully interacted dummy variable (...)

Anne Perrot, Roger Bout, Pierre Picard Competition in the insurance sector (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 3rd April 2006)

September 2006

During the Seminar organized the 3rd of April of 2006, Pierre Picard and Roger Bout talked about competition in the insurance sector. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the (...)

Anne Perrot, Pascal Wilhelm, Bernard Caillaud The two-sided markets (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 15th December 2005)

February 2006

During the Seminar organized the 15th of December of 2005, Bernard Caillaud and Pascal Wilhelm talked about the two-sided markets. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the (...)

Zhenguo Wu, Wei Tan Zhenguo Wu (SAMR): A review of achievement and future direction of antimonopoly law enforcement in China

February 2019

In this interview, Director General Wu reviewed the main achievement of AML in the last ten years, the changes in institution design and enforcement priority after the establishment of SAMR. Director Wu also expressed his view on a number of topics, including vertical merger, the use of (...)

Adriaan Dierx, Fabienne Ilzkovitz How to measure the direct benefits of competition policy interventions?

February 2019

This article has been nominated for the 2018 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. Over the recent period, the number of competition authorities estimating the direct customer benefits of their interventions has increased. The estimation (...)

Nadine Watson, Patricia Lorenzo Impact on industry innovation of a merger between close competitors

February 2019

The European Commission’s recent Dow/DuPont merger decision has reignited the debate regarding the impact of horizontal mergers on industry innovation. In this article we summarize recent empirical findings on the effect of mergers on industry and rivals’ innovation and we conduct an ex-post (...)

Xavier Niel Petit manuel irrévérencieux d’économie, Emmanuel COMBE

February 2019

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Anne Perrot, Jerome Pouyet, Véronique Sélinsky The railway sector (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 5th of July 2012)

December 2012

During the Nasse Seminar organized the 5th of July of 2012, Véronique Sélinsky and Jérôme Pouyet talked about competition in the railway sector. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice president of the Competition authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, (...)

Jean Baptiste Traversac, Juliette Théry, Véronique Sélinsky Competition and agriculture, (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 4th September 2014)

December 2014

During the Nasse Seminar organized the 4th of September of 2014, Véronique Sélinsky and Jean-Baptiste Traversac talked about competition and agriculture. The case study was about the opinion 14-A-03 of the Competition authority of the 14th of February of 2014. The seminar was presented by (...)

Cyril Grimaldi Price control in distribution contracts: Control of price evolution or price level?

February 2019

In a highly anticipated QPC decision, the Conseil constitutionnel considers that the construction by the Court de Cassation in its decision Le Galec of article L. 442-6, I, 2 ° C. com. does not disregard the principle of legality of offenses and penalties, nor freedom of enterprise and freedom (...)

Jean-François Carenco For competition through innovation in energy markets

February 2019

Innovation is the key to the liberalization of the energy market. It enables the development of renewable energy production and the diversification of supply offers based on innovative services. CRE supports actors in this approach, whilst ensuring the effective functioning of the market. (...)

Shan Jiao, Wei Tan, Ying Qin Merger control (10 years of the Anti-Monopoly Law in China - Beijing, 14 July 2018)

November 2018

These papers review the use of FRAND commitment as merger remedy and the risks of Un-notified Concentrations in China. The paper looks at the economic meaning of FRAND price after the merger, the potential abuse of FRAND commitment and the implication of these remedies. By the end of this (...)

Elodie Camous-Léonard, Emmanuel Combe The selective distribution after the Coty judgement: Clarifications and grey areas

November 2018

This article puts the Coty decision into perspective, by mobilizing both a legal and an economic analysis. First, we show that the Coty judgement clarifies the somewhat forgotten analytical grid for selective distribution systems compliance with antitrust law. It highlights the need to (...)

Nils Wahl From Greek olive oil to Latvian music: Is there any such thing as unfair prices?

May 2018

Whether antitrust laws should and, if so, under what conditions, prohibit dominant firms to charge “excessive” or “unfair” prices to consumers remains a very controversial issue. It is thus not surprising that, in that respect, different jurisdictions have made different choices. For example, US (...)

Daniel Fasquelle, Jean-Louis Fourgoux Daniel Fasquelle (French National Assembly): A professor’s take of lawmaking

May 2018

Interview conducted by Jean-Louis Fourgoux, Partner, Fidal, Paris. Daniel Fasquelle, you defended a doctoral thesis on the rule of reason in European competition law before becoming a professor of law and, since 2007, Member of Parliament for Pas-de-Calais. You are also a holder of the CAPA. (...)

Arnaud Fournier Comparative Competition Law and Economics, Roger VAN DEN BERGH (dir.)

February 2018

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Gabriella Muscolo, Giovanni Pitruzzella Unfair prices: A few remarks on competition policy and antitrust analysis

February 2018

Recent antitrust intervention against unfair prices in the pharmaceutical industry by the Italian and UK competition authorities, as well as the answer of the European Court of Justice to preliminary questions from the Latvian Supreme Court, have breathed new life into the longstanding debate (...)

Serge Abiteboul, Thierry Pénard Algorithms and competition (Paris, 6 June 2017)

February 2018

Computer science and digital information have profoundly transformed business. This transformation comes with immense promises but also considerable risks. It is obviously as false to believe in all these promises as to be convinced of the inevitability of all the risks. In this article, we (...)

Andrea Cilea, Ariel Ezrachi, Christian D’Cunha, Geert Goeteyn, Luca Manigrassi, Maurice Stucke Big Data and competition law

November 2017

Much has been written about the rise of big data and its impact on competition law. This On-Topic seeks to illustrate the most relevant case practice developed by the European Commission in relation to data issues in the field of merger control law, within five specific relevant topics. The (...)

Catherine Prieto Choice. A New Standard for Competition Law Analysis?, Paul NIHOUL, Nicolas CHARBIT and Elisa RAMUNDO

November 2017

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Alessandra Tonazzi, Elina Koustoumpardi, Mélanie Thill-Tayara, Raphaël De Coninck Recent developments in pharma antitrust

September 2017

The authors of this On-Topic focus on the latest developments in the pharmaceutical sector. According to Ms Thill-Tayara, author of the first contribution and lawyer with Dechert Paris, if the competition agencies’ activism is partly motivated by the need to limit the expenses of national health (...)

Clémence De Gastines, Dan Roskis The “Sapin 2” Law: What it changes for commercial relationships

September 2017

French Law No. 2016-1691 of 9 December 2016 on Transparency, Fight Against Corruption And Modernization Of Economic Life, known as the Sapin 2 Law, provides for significant changes in commercial law. This law was adopted in a context of agricultural crises and persistent unbalanced (...)

François-Charles Laprévote Antitrust in wonderland: Trade defense through the competition looking-glass

May 2015

This article analyses the interactions between trade defense and competition law in the EU. These two policies are often in contradiction with one another, not only due to the goals they pursue, but also due to their effects. There are mechanisms in EU trade defense law that allow the (...)

Martine Behar-Touchais Why antitrust? (Preface for the book "10th Anniversary of Concurrences")

September 2014

To mark its tenth anniversary, Concurrences has brought together 100 contributions answering the question: “Why antitrust?” The different disciplines in which the different contributors work ensures that a wide range of approaches is represented—the authors include historians, lawyers, economists, (...)

Jérôme Philippe, Patrick Rey, Thibaud Vergé Two-sided markets (Nass Seminar - Paris, 13th December 2012)

February 2013

During the Nasse Seminar organized the 13th of December of 2012, Patrick Rey and Jérôme Philippe talked about two-sided markets. The seminar was animed by Thibaud Vergé, chief economist of the Competition authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the Philippe (...)

Anne Perrot, Jérôme Philippe, Laurent Flochel Health sector (Nasse seminar - Paris, 16th December 2011)

May 2012

During the Seminar organized the 16th of December of 2011, Jérôme Philippe and Laurent Flochel talked about the health sector. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the Philippe (...)

Anne Perrot, Jérôme Philippe, Patrick Rey Agriculture, agro-food industry and competition (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 9th April 2010)

September 2010

During the Seminar organized the 9th of April of 2010, Jérôme Philippe and Patrick Rey talked about agriculture, agro-food industry and competition. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting (...)

Charlotte Beauchataud, Jeanne Lubek, Olivier Fréget, Thibaud Vergé Economics of monopolies with differentiated products

September 2010

Evaluating of the effects, on competition on the market, of mergers between companies that provide differentiated products is complex; it is not so much the definition of the market or the position of the parties that matter, but the ability of the new entity to raise prices profitably. The (...)

Andrea Amelio, Daniel Donath Market definition in recent EC merger investigations: The role of empirical analysis

September 2009

Over the past few years, the Commission has increasingly used sophisticated tools for market definition purposes, and the use of empirical evidence is now common practice for market definition. Market definition is based on the SSNIP test that examines whether a hypothetical monopolist would (...)

Antoine Chapsal, David Spector What can be learnt from econometric studies in cartel cases?

February 2009

Cartel econometrics has become a well-developed field of research that can contribute to the efficient implementation of competition policy. Beyond the most traditional type of analysis aiming to quantify the impact of cartels on consumer welfare, other methods have been developed lately. They (...)

Anne Perrot, Marie-Dominique Hagelsteen, Thibaud Vergé Producer-distributor relations (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 17th October 2008)

February 2009

During the Seminar organized the 17th of October of 2008, Marie-Dominique Hagelsteen and Thibaud Vergé talked about producer-distributor relations. The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting (...)

David Spector Minimum resale prices: Is a ban justified?

September 2007

The systematic hostility towards minimum resale prices in most jurisdictions - at least until the recent Leegin Decision by the U.S. Supreme Court - lacks solid economic foundations. Economic theory identified mechanisms through which minimum resale prices might be procompetitive or (...)

François Lévêque Energy: Market power in the electricity market

September 2005

The European Commission has recently opened a sector inquiry into the internal electricity market. Due to continued high concentration and sharply increasing prices, the Commission is concerned that competition could be distorted. The conclusions of the inquiry will not be known for more than a (...)

Alain Werquin Electricity : UNIDEN worries about competition in the newly liberalised electricity sector

September 2005

UNIDEN is an association of undertakings of large users of electricity. Its object is to foster competition in the energy markets in order to give a competitive advantage to all industries using electricity as main power source. This section of the review Concurrences constitutes a case study (...)

François Lévêque Is Online Music Locked in by Leveraging?

February 2005

Vertical integration is usually beneficial for consumers. However, it may also raises anticompetitive effects. Therefore, the economic assessment requires an accurate balance between pro and anticompetitive effects. The paper provides an overview of the economic theory of vertical effects. It (...)

Events

Barbara Brandtner, Sheldon Mills, Frederic Palomino, Matthew Readings, Daniela Bowry-Blum Financial Services and Antitrust: A live update with DG COMP and UK FCA

13 October 2020

Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon and Shearman & Sterling, with Daniela Bowry-Blum (Head of Competition, Santander), Barbara Brandtner (Head of Unit, Markets and cases III: Financial services - Antitrust: Payments systems, DG COMP), Sheldon Mills (Interim Executive Director of Strategy & Competition, UK Financial Conduct Authority), Frédéric Palomino (Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon) and Matthew Readings (Partner, Shearman & Sterling).

Mark D. Powell, Nicholas Forwood, Katarzyna Czapracka, Thilo Klein The General Court’s CK Telecoms ruling: Is Three the New Magic Number? Towards a re-assessment of unilateral effects in merger review

1 July 2020

Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with White & Case and Compass Lexecon, with Sir Nicholas Forwood QC (Counsel, White & Case - Former Judge, Court of Justice of the European Union, General Court), Katarzyna Czapracka (Partner, White & Case), Thilo Klein (Executive Vice President, Compass Lexecon) and Mark Powell (Partner, White & Case).

Paul Csiszar, Andrea Collart, Pascal Belmin, Luc Gyselen Security of Supply Chains: How to address it in Covid-19 and beyond?

29 June 2020

Webinar of the "#NewAntitrust" Webinar Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Arnold & Porter and Avisa Partners, with Paul Csiszar (Director, Markets and cases IV: Basic industries, Manufacturing and Agriculture, DG COMP), Pascal Belmin (Head of EU regulatory affairs, Airbus), Andrea Collart (Partner, Avisa Partners) and Luc Gyselen (Partner, Arnold & Porter).

Maria Jaspers, Rainer Becker WEBINAR #1’ Coronavirus crisis - The DG COMP’S response (Antitrust)

17 April 2020

Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with Maria Jaspers (Head of the Antitrust Policy and Case Support Unit, DG COMP) and Rainer Becker (Head of the Antitrust: Pharma and Health services Unit, DG COMP).

Frédéric Jenny, John Davies, Luc Gyselen, Jérôme Philippe WEBINAR #4 Antitrust: Price fixing, excessive prices, crisis cartel...

21 April 2020

Fifth Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences chaired by Frédéric Jenny (President, OECD Competition Committee), with John Davies (Executive Vice President, Compass Lexecon), Luc Gyselen (Partner, Arnold & Porter) and Jérôme Philippe (Partner, Freshfields).

David Spector, Florence Ninane, Thierry Dahan Antitrust sanctions before the French NCA: A review of the 2011 Guidelines

22 November 2016

Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review with Allen & Overy and MAPP.

Florence Ninane, Gildas de Muizon, Thierry Dahan, Valérie Michel Amsellem Toward a better assessment of « damage to the economy »

29 June 2016

Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Allen & Overy and Microeconomix.

Cristina Caffarra, Daniel Coublucq, Francisco Enrique González-Díaz, Giulio Federico The Use Of Bidding Studies In Merger Control

25 May 2016

Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Charles River Associates and Cleary Gottlieb.

James Killick, Mark J. Gidley, Miguel de la Mano, Paul Csiszar Dominance in the pharma sector - An EU/US Perspective

12 April 2016

Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Compass Lexecon and White & Case.

Bill Batchelor, Emmanuel Frot, Lourenco Ventura, Svend Albaek A practical approach in dealing with rebates by dominant suppliers

17 March 2016

Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Microeconomix and Baker & McKenzie.

Kai Struckmann, Laurent Eymard, Mark D. Powell, Max Lienemeyer The EC tax probe : When State Aid met tax

25 January 2016

Lunchtalk organised by concurrences in partnership with MAPP and White & Case.

Antoine Chapsal, Cyril Ritter, David Viros, Edouard Sarrazin Personal data, online platforms and competition law enforcement

3 November 2015

Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with DLA Piper and MAPP.

Gildas de Muizon, Juliette Théry, Ombline Ancelin Pricing policy: limiting the risks?

23 May 2015

Juliette Théry-Schultz
Ombline Ancelin
Gildas de Muizon

Antoine Chapsal, Etienne Pfister, Ombline Ancelin Vertical restraints: what’s new?

13 February 2015

Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Simmons & Simmons and MAPP.

Antoine Chapsal, Etienne Pfister, Ombline Ancelin Vertical restraints: what’s new?

16 January 2015

Ombline Ancelin
Antoine Chapsal
Étienne Pfister

Charlotte Beauchataud, Jeanne Lubek, Olivier Fréget, Thibaud Vergé Oligopolies with differentiated products

17 February 2010

A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P R S T U V

A

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive objet or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Applicable law • Arbitration

B

Barriers to entry • Bid rigging • Black cause • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

C

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Comity • Competence • Competition policy • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

D

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

E

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Economies of scale • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excess prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

F

Failing firm defence • Fidelity rebates • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Franchising • FRAND

G

Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

H

Hard core restrictions • Horizontal agreement

I

Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Interim measures • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries

J

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

L

Legal privilege • Leniency • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

M

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation • Misinformation

N

Ne bis in idem • Network effect • Non-competition clause • Notification • Nullity

O

Oligopoly

R

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

S

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Sudden break of established business relationships

T

Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer of technology • Transfer pricing • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Two-sided market • Tying or tied selling

U

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair competition • Universal service • Upstream market

V

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)