In Akzo case law, the Court of Justice of the European Union defined the protection of confidentiality of communications between lawyers and their clients (also known as legal professional privilege) as follow: "That confidentiality serves the requirement, the importance of which is recognised in all of the Member States, that every person must be able, without constraint, to consult a lawyer whose profession entails the giving of independent legal advice to all those in need of it. "(...) l’objet consiste tant à sauvegarder le plein exercice des droits de la défense des justiciables qu’à protéger l’exigence que tout justiciable doit avoir la possibilité de s’adresser en toute liberté à son avocat. (...) First, that protection seeks to safeguard the public interest in the proper administration of justice in ensuring that a client is free to consult his lawyer without fear that any confidences which he imparts may subsequently be disclosed. Secondly, its purpose is to avoid the harm which may be caused to the undertakings rights of the defence as a result of the Commission reading the contents of a confidential document and improperly adding it to the investigation file." © Court of Justice of the European Union
Legal privilege
a
Absolute territorial protection
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Abuse of dominant position
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Abuse of economic dependence
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Access to essential facility
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Access to information
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Access to the file
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Administered prices
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Advocacy
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Agency agreement
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Agent
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Agreement (notion)
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Amicus curiae
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Ancillary restraints
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Annulment
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Anticompetitive object or effect
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Anticompetitive practices
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Antitrust
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Applicable law
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Arbitration
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Article 11 letter
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Automotive distribution
b
c
Cartel
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Civil fine
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Clearance phase I (merger)
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Clearance phase II (merger)
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Collecting society
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Collective dominance
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Collective redress (class action)
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Comity
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Commission Notice
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Competence
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Competition policy
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Complaint
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Compliance programme
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Compulsory license
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Concerted practices
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Concession
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Concurrent jurisdiction
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Consortium
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Consumers protection
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Consumers’ associations
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Contract
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Control (change)
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Control (notion)
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Cooperation Agreement
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Cooperation between competition authorities
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Coordinated effects
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Copyright
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Corporate group
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Corruption
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Cost-based access
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Criminal sanctions
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Cross subsidisation
d
e
ECHR
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Economic analysis
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Economic efficiency
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Economies of scale
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Effect on trade between Member States
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Effective judicial protection
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EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court
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Environmental protection
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Essential facility
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European Competition Network (ECN)
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Excessive prices
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Exchanges of information
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Exclusive distribution
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Exclusive purchasing
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Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)
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Exclusivity clause
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Exhaustion
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Extra-territoriality
f
i
l
m
p
Parallel imports (parallel trade)
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Passing-on
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Pay-for-delay
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Periodic penalty payment
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Personal data
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Potential competition
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Predatory pricing
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Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE)
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Price discrimination
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Price-fixing agreement
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Prices
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Principle of effectiveness
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Principle of equal treatment
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Principle of equivalence
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Principle of proportionality
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Private enforcement
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Privatization
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Procedural autonomy
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Professional association
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Public procurement
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Public undertaking
r
Referral (merger)
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Refusal to deal
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Regulated prices
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Regulation
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Relevant market
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Remedies (antitrust)
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Remedies (antitrust)
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Request for information
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Resale price maintenance (RPM)
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Resale-below-cost
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Restriction on exportation
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Right against self-incrimination
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Rights of defence
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Rule of reason
s
Sector inquiry
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Selective distribution
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Services of general economic interest
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Single branding
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Sole control
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Spill-over effects
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Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)
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State action defense
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State aid (compatibility)
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State aid (existing aid)
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State aid (notification)
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State aid (notion)
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State aid (recovery)
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State aid (tax ruling)
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State aid (unlawful aid)
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State measure
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Substitutability
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Sudden break of established business relationships