Commission, European

Exclusive purchasing

Institution Definition

"In exclusive purchasing agreements, the reseller agrees to purchase the contract goods only from the other party and not from any other supplier. The supplier is entitled to supply other resellers in the same sales area and at the same level of distribution. Unlike an exclusive distributor, the tied reseller is not protected against competition from other resellers who, like himself, receive the contract goods direct from the supplier. On the other hand, he is free of restrictions as to the area over which he may make his sales effort." The Commission notice concerning Commission Regulations (EEC) No 1983/83 and (EEC) No 1984/83 of 22 June 1983 on the application of Article 85 (3) of the Treaty to categories of exclusive distribution and exclusive purchasing agreements

Articles

Herbert J. Hovenkamp, Mark D. Janis, Mark A. Lemley, Christopher R. Leslie, Michael A. Carrier IP and Antitrust: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles Applied to Intellectual Property Law, Herbert J. HOVENKAMP, Mark D. JANIS, Mark A. LEMLEY, Christopher R. LESLIE and Michael A. CARRIER

February 2021

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Stéphane Rodrigues European Distribution Law: French Distribution Law, Joseph VOGEL and Louis VOGEL

February 2018

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Stéphane Rodrigues Droit de la distribution, Didier FERRIER and Nicolas FERRIER

February 2018

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Frank Montag, Joanna Goyder Exclusive dealing: Presumptions and bright lines

December 2013

The principal competition issue raised by exclusive dealing is the possible foreclosure of equally efficient competitors from the market. Exclusive dealing may constitute an infringement either of the rules that govern unilateral anti-competitive conduct, such as abuse of dominance, or of the (...)

David Spector, Etienne Pfister, Joseph Vogel Distribution networks and competition law

February 2012

Paradoxically, competition law today is frequently used more as a weapon of defence than to challenge networks, and notably against certain rules of national law. When relied on as a means of challenging networks, competition law is mainly used either to circumvent the networks, or to gain (...)

Laurent François-Martin The control of distributors by the heads of distribution - Definition and issues

February 2010

The relations between heads of distribution networks and their distributors are currently the subject of renewed antitrust focus. In light of both EU and domestic case law, certain criteria can be applied to determine whether the head of a network should be deemed to have taken control over its (...)

Frédéric Puel, Stephanie Chantre Reach: A highly technical regulation that raises distribution and competition issues

May 2009

Le règlement communautaire REACH a été adopté le 18 décembre 2006, et est entré dans sa phase active depuis le 1er janvier 2009. Il impose aux entreprises de coopérer en vue d’enregistrer toutes substances chimiques qu’elles produisent, importent ou utilisent sur le territoire de l’UE, sous peine de (...)

Anne de Cadaran, Christophe Barthélémy, Ines Zenke, Jean-Baptiste Siproudhis, Jean-Patrice de La Laurencie, Jean-Paul Tran Thiet, Markus Kerber, Olivier Fréget, Philippe Redaelli Ten years of liberalisation of energy: Contrasted points of view

February 2009

The set of six articles covers a wide panel of points of views ten years after the 1999 EC Directive. Readers will be able to read the following contributions: 1. Update on Wholesale Energy Market Regulation - Philippe Redaelli, General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer, Powernext; 2. (...)

François Lévêque Antitrust enforcement in the electricity and gas industries - Problems and solutions for the EU

May 2006

This articles shows how antitrust enforcement in the electricity and gas industries raises specific problems that call for specific solutions. It examines inter alia the following questions: How can the anticompetitive effects of mergers be assessed in a changing regulatory environment? Should (...)

Jérôme Gstalter An Economic Approach to Article 82

December 2005

With a view to giving better guidance, DG Competition reviewed its policy on the abuse of dominant position under Article 82. In this context, the Chief Economist of DG Competition has commissioned a report from the EAGCP, which is a group of distinguished academic economist advising DG COMP (...)

a b c d e f g h i j l m n o p r s t u v

a

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Administered prices • Advocacy • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive object or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Antitrust • Applicable law • Arbitration • Article 11 letter • Automotive distribution

b

Barriers to entry • Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium • Bid rigging • Billing • Black cause • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

c

Cartel • Civil fine • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Comity • Commission Notice • Competence • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consortium • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Contract • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

d

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Dominance (notion)

e

ECHR • Economic analysis • Economic efficiency • Economies of scale • Effect on trade between Member States • Effective judicial protection • EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court • Environmental protection • Essential facility • European Competition Network (ECN) • Excessive prices • Exchanges of information • Exclusive distribution • Exclusive purchasing • Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU) • Exclusivity clause • Exhaustion • Extra-territoriality

f

Failing firm defence • Fidelity rebates • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Form CO • Franchising • FRAND • Free riding

g

GAFAM • Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Gun jumping

h

Hard core restrictions • Hearing officer • Horizontal agreement

i

Imputability • Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Intellectual property right • Inter-brand competition • Interim measures • International co-operation • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries

j

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

l

Legal privilege • Leniency • Lerner index • Letter of formal notice • Letter of rejection of complaints • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

m

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Market economy investor • Market of goods or services • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Merger control procedure • Merger remedies • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation

n

Ne bis in idem • Network effect • Non-compete obligation • Notification • Nullity

o

Oligopoly

r

Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Regulation • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Resale-below-cost • Restriction on exportation • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

s

Sector inquiry • Selective distribution • Services of general economic interest • Single branding • Sole control • Spill-over effects • Standard-Essential Patent (SEP) • State action defense • State aid (compatibility) • State aid (existing aid) • State aid (notification) • State aid (notion) • State aid (recovery) • State aid (tax ruling) • State aid (unlawful aid) • State measure • Substitutability • Sudden break of established business relationships

t

Technology transfer • Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer pricing • Transparency • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Two-sided market • Tying or tied selling

u

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair commercial practices • Unfair competition • Universal service • Upstream market

v

Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)