Commission, European

Cross subsidisation

Institution Definition

Cross subsidisation means that an undertaking bears or allocates all or part of the costs of its activity in one geographical or product market to its activity in another geographical or product market. Under certain circumstances, cross subsidisation in the postal sector, where nearly all operators provide reserved and non reserved services, can distort competition and lead to competitors being beaten by offers which are made possible not by efficiency (including economies of scope) and performance but by cross subsidies. (...) © European Commission

Articles

David A. Hyman Improving Healthcare: A Dose of Competition

May 2005

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Stéphane Rodrigues Les subventions

September 2011

There are some works whose review can quickly prove frustrating as it cannot restore their richness. The collective work directed by Professor Renders of the Catholic University of Louvain is one of them. Bringing together some twenty contributors, the book covers all aspects of Belgian subsidy (...)

David Sevy, Philippe Choné Regulation and Competition

February 2011

This set of papers is derived from the training session organised by Concurrences Review that has held on 14th December 2010 in Paris. For M. Choné, auhor of the first paper, the regulation of infrastructures involves difficult economic challenges. Upgrading infrastructures and building new (...)

Nicolas Curien, Winston Maxwell Net neutrality in Europe: An economic and legal analysis

December 2010

An examination of Internet access as a two-sided market reveals among other things that net neutrality creates a cross-subsidy from retail Internet users, who pay all the costs of the access network, toward content providers. This cross-subsidy may maximize social welfare because it lowers the (...)

Alain Ronzano, Christelle Adjémian, Umberto Berkani Competition journals: July - Sept. 2005

December 2005

1GENERALITES - SCOPE OF APPLICATION Europe and competition: the big misunderstanding..., L. IDOT (Europe, August-September 2005, p. 3). In an editorial in the journal Europe on the lessons to be learned from the results of the French and Dutch referendums on the European Constitution, (...)

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w

a

Absolute territorial protection • Abuse of dominant position • Abuse of economic dependence • Access to essential facility • Access to information • Access to the file • Actual competitor • Administered prices • Advocacy • Agency agreement • Agent • Agreement (notion) • Amicus curiae • Ancillary restraints • Annulment • Anticompetitive object or effect • Anticompetitive practices • Antitrust • Applicable law • Arbitration • Article 11 letter • Automotive distribution

b

Barriers to entry • Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium • Bid rigging • Black cause • Block exemption (Regulation) • Boycott • Brand competition • Bundling • Burden of proof • Business secrets • Buyer power

c

Cartel • Clearance phase I (merger) • Clearance phase II (merger) • Collecting society • Collective dominance • Collective redress (class action) • Collusion • Comity • Commission Notice • Competence • Competition policy • Complaint • Compliance programme • Compulsory license • Concentration indexes • Concerted practices • Concession • Concurrent jurisdiction • Consortium • Consumers protection • Consumers’ associations • Control (change) • Control (notion) • Cooperation Agreement • Cooperation between competition authorities • Coordinated effects • Copyright • Corporate group • Corruption • Cost-based access • Cournot (Nash) equilibrium • Criminal sanctions • Cross subsidisation

d

Damages • Dawn raids • De minimis notice • Digital Markets Act • Direct effect • Discriminatory practices • Distribution agreement • Divestiture • Dominance (notion)

f

Failing firm defence • Fidelity rebates • Fine • Fine mitigating • Foreign direct investment (FDI) • Foreign Subsidies • Form CO • Franchising • FRAND • Free riding

g

GAFAM • Geographic market • Group purchasing organization • Guidelines • Gun jumping

h

Hard core restrictions • Hearing officer • Horizontal agreement • HSR Filing (US)

i

Imputability • Independence and impartiality • Individual exemption • Industrial policy • Intellectual property right • Inter-brand competition • Interim measures • International co-operation • International competition network (ICN) • Investigations / inquiries

j

Joint control • Joint venture • Judicial review

k

Know-how

l

Legal privilege • Leniency • Lerner index • Letter of formal notice • Letter of rejection of complaints • Licensing • Limitation period • Low prices

m

Mandatary (distribution) • Margin squeeze • Marginal costs • Market economy investor • Market of goods or services • Market power • Market share • Media pluralism • Merger (notion) • Merger (prohibition) • Merger (withdrawal) • Merger control procedure • Merger remedies • Minority shareholdings • Misinformation • Monopoly

n

Ne bis in idem • Network effect • Non-compete obligation • Notification • Nullity

o

Oligopoly

p

r

R&D agreement • Referral (merger) • Refusal to deal • Regulated prices • Regulation • Relevant market • Remedies (antitrust) • Request for information • Resale below cost • Resale price maintenance (RPM) • Restriction on exportation • Right against self-incrimination • Rights of defence • Rule of reason

t

Technology transfer • Test SIEC (merger) • Test SLC (merger) • Transfer pricing • Transparency • Trustee (mergers) • Turnover threshold (merger) • Two-sided market • Tying or tied selling

u

Undertaking (notion) • Unfair commercial practices • Unfair competition • Universal service • Upstream market

v

Variable costs • Vertical agreement • Vertical restraints (or restrictions)

w

White clause