Cooperation between competition authorities

Author Definition

Definition

Refers to the voluntary collaborative endeavors, formal or informal, between two or more competition agencies. Formal collaboration is conducted under legal instruments or formalities (e.g. cooperation agreements, waivers of confidentiality), whereas informal collaboration occurs without these formalities. Cooperation may be related to competition enforcement procedures or may concern non-enforcement efforts such as technical assistance, exchange of experiences and best practices. Cooperation may increase familiarity between agencies and mutual understanding (e.g. about respective laws, procedures, practices) which can foster trust and facilitate further interactions. Challenges for cooperation may relate to practical issues (e.g. language, time differences), legal limitations (e.g. for sharing confidential information) and lack of resources (e.g. personnel, budget).

Commentary

Increasing economic integration and the rapid digitalization of markets requires more and better cooperation between competition agencies around the world. The following sections provide cooperation experiences of the Mexican Federal Economic Commission (COFECE), with its counterparts from the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), which illustrate how the relationship with these agencies has been strengthened over the years, through better mutual understanding and increased trust.

Cooperation with US antitrust authorities

Since the negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the 1990s, trade between Mexico and the US has increased to such an extent that Mexico became the US’ largest trading partner in 2020. This agreement has not only laid the foundation from which complex production value chains have been built, making both countries an attractive region for investment from around the world, but was instrumental in the establishment of competition policy in Mexico.

In order to comply with the terms established in NAFTA regarding the enforcement of the competition laws in the countries of the region, the governments of Mexico and the US signed an agreement in 2000 that establishes the grounds for cooperation between their competition agencies. Thereafter, cross-border merger control has been a forefront cooperation issue between COFECE and its counterparts, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ). This cooperation has been carried out mainly by formal means, particularly through confidentially waivers provided by the merging parties. Two examples worth highlighting are the cooperation in the Continental/Veyance operation (2014), where agency collaboration was key when crafting extraterritorial remedies, which were imposed jointly by COFECE and the DOJ, that contemplated divestiture in the Mexican State of San Luis Potosi and in Fairlawn, Ohio. The other relevant case is the ChemChina/Syngenta merger (2017), in which COFECE coordinated with the FTC to ensure decisions were taken within similar timeframes.

COFECE has also cooperated with the US authorities in cases related to anticompetitive conducts. In these types of cases cooperation has been carried out formally through the use of waivers (only in cases with leniency applications). However, some of the most beneficial results have been achieved through informal cooperation, mainly by general discussions unrelated to particular cases regarding, for example, investigation strategies followed by other jurisdictions, publicly available market information or competition analysis methods. A case worth highlighting is the international cartel investigation in the global market of air conditioning compressors, where the Commission had an on-going cooperation with various jurisdictions, but mainly with the DOJ.

Informal cooperation in enforcement cases is crucial to COFECE because there are important impediments in the Mexican competition law to: disclose confidential information without a waiver; disclose information during the investigation stage; and grant access to the case file during the trial-like procedure to those that do not have legal standing in the procedure. Therefore, all cooperation with foreign authorities regarding a case must occur through waivers or informally without disclosing information on the specific case. In order to address these hurdles, the Commission is currently exploring the possibility of entering into second-generation agreements that would enable the possibility of engaging in investigative assistance activities.

Non-enforcement cooperation with the US authorities has been extremely fruitful, particularly that related with technical assistance provided by the FTC, the DOJ and even the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), to the Commission’s staff. Another type of cooperation which has greatly benefitted the Commission is the advice received from the FTC and the DOJ to improve the Commission’s procedures. For example, the drafts of the regulatory provisions for client-attorney privilege and leniency program received important feedback from these authorities, which allowed the strengthening and alignment of these documents with best international practice. It is worth highlighting that the regulatory provisions for client-attorney privilege fulfil the recognition of this principle, which was recently included in the new US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), that entered into force in 2020, substituting NAFTA.

Cooperation with the competition authority of the European Commission

Mexico is amongst the largest trade partners of the EU, mainly since 2000, when their economic relations were facilitated by the European Union-Mexico Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement. This agreement includes specific provisions for cooperation and coordination in competition enforcement and policy between Mexico and the European Community. In 2016, the parties began negotiations for the modernization and update of the agreement. The proposed draft includes a new competition chapter, which defines anticompetitive business practices, provides for cross-border cooperation and coordination between the parties, amongst other provisions. Although the legal revision of the new EU-Mexico trade agreement has been finalized, its signature is still pending.

On a bilateral level, in 2018, the Directorate-General for Competition (DG Competition, the EU’s Competition Authority) and COFECE signed the Administrative Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Competition Law and Enforcement. The scope of the agreement extends to the coordination of enforcement activities between COFECE and DG Competition, which is increasingly relevant, for example, in the assessment of global mergers and acquisitions subject to review in diverse jurisdictions. This agreement also includes a provision related with cooperation on technical matters, for instance, through capacity building or the exchange of officials.

COFECE and DG Competition have cooperated in several cases, especially comparing approaches and issues of common interest, and in the design of remedies for cross-border mergers. COFECE considers that the most beneficial means to conduct this cooperation are regular calls to exchange information and views regarding the status of the ongoing merger investigation, markets involved, substantial theories of harm, and information on potential remedies. To facilitate cooperation in this process, waivers of confidentiality granted by the merging parties have been instrumental.

For example, in the Dow/DuPont merger (2017), the parties offered COFECE a remedies proposal that consisted in complying with those imposed by DG Competition. COFECE considered that these effectively resolved any competition concerns in Mexico; and only requested the parties to prove that they complied with the remedies imposed by the European Commission.

In the 2019 merger between Nidec and Embraco (Whirpool’s refrigeration compressor business), COFECE also relied on a remedy imposed by DG Competition, which consisted in the divestiture of one of the parties’ businesses (compressors for commercial applications).

Final remarks

COFECE’s bilateral cooperation experiences with its US and EU counterparts are an example of how ongoing collaboration on enforcement cases and technical assistance strengthens the relationship of trust between the authorities’ staff, which helps to further enhance the benefits of future collaboration efforts between these agencies. Participation in international organizations, such as the ICN, OECD and UNCTAD also strengthens these relationships; such organizations provide an important platform to forge potential bilateral and multilateral relationships for future collaboration on international enforcement cases.

Case references

Nidec – Whirpool Embraco Business (2019)

ChemChina/Syngenta (2017)

Dow – Dupont (2017)

Air conditioning compressors cartel (2016)

Continental AG – Veyance Technologies (2014)

Bibliography

Administrative Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Competition Law and Enforcement between the Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission and the Federal Economic Competition Commission.

International Competition Network

OECD’s International Co-operation in Competition Webpage

The Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada

UNCTAD’s International cooperation under section F of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices: Adoption of the guiding policies and procedures

Institution Definition

The European Commission and the national competition authorities in all EU Member States cooperate with each other through the European Competition Network (ECN). This creates an effective mechanism to counter companies which engage in cross-border practices restricting competition. As European competition rules are applied by all members of the ECN, the ECN provides means to ensure their effective and consistent application. Through the ECN, the competition authorities inform each other of proposed decisions and take on board comments from the other competition authorities. In this way, the ECN allows the competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices. The Members of the ECN have also engaged in cooperation and exchange of best practices in the area of merger control by setting up an EU Merger Working Group. © European Commission

The European Competition Network (ECN) brings together the National Competition Authorities (NCAs) of the twenty-eight Member States of the European Union around the European Commission. (…) The ECN has three main missions:

  • First, it ensures the coherence of the European competition policy. All the NCAs have the power to implement European competition law (Articles 101 and 102 of the TFEU, formerly Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty) since the decentralisation of 2003, as long as anticompetitive agreement or abuse of a dominant position cases referred to them affect trade between Member States. Mechanisms have therefore been provided to ensure that they interpret and apply these provisions coherently, under the control of the European Commission.
  • Secondly, the ECN involves the NCAs in the adoption of the decisions of the European Commission in competition matters, via an advisory committee which gives its opinion on all draft decisions about agreement or abuse of dominant position cases.
  • Finally, it has the Commission and the NCAs work together on subjects of a more general or sectoral nature: preparation of draft texts, comparison of national decision-making practices, searching for best practice, etc. In this framework, the Autorité de la concurrence, which may contribute to the public consultations launched by the European Commission in competition matters, places its main contributions at the disposal of the interested parties.

There are specific mechanisms allowing the NCAs to be involved in European company merger review activity. © Autorité de la concurrence

Case Comments

Mexican Competition Authority The Mexican Competition Authority announces the launch of a joint initiative to deter, detect and prosecute possible anti-competitive conduct by businesses and individuals involved in the provision of goods and services related to the 2026 FIFA World Cup

Cofece Launches Joint Initiative with Partners from the United States and Canada within the framework of the 2026 FIFA World Cup* Mexico City, September 22, 2023.- The Federal Economic Competition Commission (COFECE) announced today, alongside its partners from the US Department of Justice (...)

US Department of Justice Antitrust Division The US DoJ announces the launch of a joint initiative to deter, detect and prosecute collusive schemes related to the provision of goods and services in connection with the 2026 FIFA World Cup

United States, Mexico, and Canada Launch Joint Initiative to Detect Collusive Schemes Seeking to Exploit the 2026 FIFA World Cup* The Justice Department announced today, alongside its partners from Mexico’s Federal Economic Competition Commission (COFECE) and Canada’s Competition Bureau, the (...)

Italian Competition Authority The Italian Competition Authority opens an investigation into a possible abuse of dominant position by a multinational engineering and technology company in the European market for electric bicycles drive systems (Bosch)

A567 - ICA: investigation opened into alleged abuse of dominant position by Bosch* According to the Competition Authority, the company did not allow electrical and digital interoperability between its drive systems and the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) for electric bicycles produced by (...)

Andre Gan, Lydia Kong, Eliza Chow The Malaysian Competition Authority and the Communications and Multimedia Commission signal an interest in fostering stronger collaboration to tackle anticompetitive behaviours

In brief In an effort to strengthen the working relationship and collaborative efforts of the Malaysia Competition Commission (MyCC) and the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), both regulators have signed a Memorandum of Understanding on 3 August 2023 (MoU) in light of (...)

Ivo Janda, Magda Olyšarová, Eva Jíchová The Czechia Government amends its competition law, introducing greater discretion and powers for the national competition authority, clearer rules for fining associations of undertakings, greater protection for whistleblowers, and stricter criteria for settlement

Very soon, a long-awaited amendment to the Czech Act on the Protection of Competition will become law, implementing (after a long delay) the requirements of what is known as the ECN+ Directive (an EU directive designed to give greater powers to competition authorities). The primary objective (...)

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights holds that the transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to Dutch Competition Authority does not violate right to privacy and right to an effective remedy (Burando / Port Invest)

Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest v. the Netherlands (applications nos. 3124/16 and 3205/16) The applicant companies, Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest B.V., are two Dutch companies involved in the collection of waste liquids from ships in the Rotterdam region. At the time of the (...)

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights holds that transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to the Dutch Competition Authority does not violate the right to privacy and the right to an effective remedy (Janssen de Jong)

Janssen de Jong Groep B.V. and Others v. the Netherlands (no. 2800/16) The applicant companies, Janssen de Jong Groep B.V., Janssen de Jong Infra B.V. and Janssen de Jong Infrastructuur Nederland B.V., are three Netherlands-based companies. Janssen de Jong Groep B.V. is the sole shareholder (...)

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights holds that the transmission of data lawfully obtained by the Dutch Public Prosecution Service to the Dutch Competition Authority does not violate the right to privacy and the right to an effective remedy (Ships Waste Oil Collector)

Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V. v. the Netherlands (no. 2799/16) The applicant company, Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V., is a company based in the Netherlands involved in the collection of waste liquids from ships in the Rotterdam region. The case concerns the transmission of data, lawfully (...)

Jasminka Pecotić Kaufman, Alexandr Svetlicinii Competition law developments in Central and Eastern Europe: An overview of EU and national case law

This special issue on Competition law developments in Central and Eastern Europe contains 93 notes and articles from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with keyword competition policy, i.e. cases where countries’ competition policy was notably changed, reformed or implemented. It aims to cover the following thirteen countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia. This special issue mainly concerns competition policy developments by competition authorities and the legislature. Although the selection of notes and articles collected for the purposes of this special issue is by all means not exhaustive, it is fascinating to observe how vibrant the competition policy-related activities by different CEE competition authorities are and how various national jurisdictions have diverse focuses. In the following sections, we outline the most significant trends and developments.

Articles

Wouter Wils Regulation 1/2003: An Assessment After Twenty Years

Regulation 1/2003 brought about a radical change in the way in which the EU antitrust prohibitions contained in Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are enforced. The previous enforcement regime, under Regulation 17, which dated from 1962, was characterised by a centralised notification and authorisation (...)

Christophe Carugati Overview of privacy in cases relevant to competition law

Privacy in competition cases is becoming common due to the importance of data. The literature thus focuses on the role of data and privacy in antitrust and merger control laws. Yet, the literature does not offer an empirical overview of the cases to understand how countries investigate the (...)

Chiyuan Chen, Tzong-Leh Hwang The Future Development of Competition Framework

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Chris Noonan The Emerging Principles of International Competition Law

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Cédric Ryngaert Jurisdiction Over Antitrust Violations in International Law

This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (...)

Jan Blockx Competition law in an era of deglobalization

As the world becomes more fragmented, competition policy and enforcement are likely to change. Various legal regimes, such as economic sanctions, foreign investment screening and tariffs, will create obstacles to cross-border trade. Because of this and other reasons for companies to reshore, (...)

Andreas Mundt The International Competition Network – Get involved

The ICN is the global network of competition agencies worldwide, younger and more mature ones, diverse in terms of their legal traditions, sizes and geographical aspects, their set-ups, cultures and languages. ICN members show continued interest, participation and willingness to invest (...)

Events

Heidi Sada, Ioannis Lianos, Eleanor M. Fox, Doris Tshepe, Simon Roberts, Ebrahim Patel Public interest: Food, Workers, Sustainability…

1st webinar of the “Antitrust in Developing & Emerging Economies: New Challenges in Public Interest, Big Tech, and Regionalism” Conference, organised by Concurrences. Opening Keynote Speech with Ebrahim Patel (Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition of South Africa, Pretoria). The first panel “Public Interest: Food, Workers, Sustainability…” with Ioannis Lianos (President, Hellenic Competition Commission), Simon Roberts (Professor, University of Johannesburg), Heidi Sada (Executive Director for International Affairs, Federal Economic Competition Commission), Doris Tshepe (Commissioner, South African Competition Commission, Pretoria) and Eleanor Fox (Professor of Law, New York University, NYU School of Law).

Maria Coppola, Michal Halperin, Willard Mwemba, George Paul, Frederic Jenny, Harry First, Dennis Davis Do We Need New Forms of Cooperation? Higher Level Governance?

3rd webinar of the “Antitrust in Developing & Emerging Economies: New Challenges in Public Interest, Big Tech, and Regionalism” Conference, organised by Concurrences in partnership with White & Case. The third panel “Do We Need New Forms of Cooperation? Higher Level Governance?” with Maria Coppola (Acting Director, Office of International Affairs, FTC), Michal Halperin (Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center, Kennedy School of Government, Former Head of Israel Competition Authority ), Willard Mwemba (Chief Executive Officer, COMESA Competition Commission), George Paul (Partner, White & Case), and Frédéric Jenny (Chairman, OECD Competition Committee). The closing “Wrap-Up: New York & Capetown Minute” with Dennis Davis (Former Former Judge President, Competition Appeal Court of South Africa), Harry First (Professor, NYU Law School))

Frank Hogue, Knut Fournier, Godfrey Lam Antitrust in Asia #3 How to Coordinate Cases Across the Asian region?

3rd Webinar of the 7th annual « Antitrust in Asia » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with White & Case, with Frank Hogue (Partner, White & Case, Washington DC), Godfrey Lam (Former President, Hong Kong Competition Tribunal, Hong Kong | Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal, Hong Kong) and Knut Fournier (APAC Regional Counsel, StubHub, Hong Kong).

Claes Bengtsson, Thorsten Käseberg, Hendrick Bourgeois, Giuseppe Colangelo, Benoît Durand, Ingrid Vandenborre, Frederic Jenny, Amelia Fletcher, Martin Peitz Will a one-size-fits-all digital markets act deliver for consumers?

The "Will a one-size-fits-all digital markets act deliver for consumers?" Chatham House Rule style round-table featured key presentations by Amelia Fletcher (University of East Anglia) and Martin Peitz (University of Mannheim), followed by a live debate with key stakeholders from competition agencies, economists, lawyers and academics, and closed by a Q&A session. The presentations, the debate and the Q&A were chaired by Frédéric Jenny (OECD - Competition Division). This second-of-its-kind Chatham House Rule style round-table was co-organised by Concurrences in partnership with Apple, RBB Economics and Skadden.

Isabelle De Silva, Andreas Mundt, Rohit Chopra, Cristina Caffarra, Andrea Gomes da Silva Consumers’ "Decision-Making Sovereignty”: Challenging Business Models in the Data Economy (after the German Supreme Court in Facebook)

Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with CRA, with Rohit Chopra (Commissioner, Federal Trade Commission), Andrea Gomes da Silva (Executive Director - Markets and Mergers, UK Competition and Markets Authority), Andreas Mundt (President, Bundeskartellamt), Isabelle de Silva (President, Competition Authority), and moderated by Cristina Caffarra (Head of European Competition, CRA).

William E. Kovacic, Makan Delrahim, Rohit Chopra, Jamillia P. Ferris, Bruce Hoffman, Frederic Jenny, Andreas Mundt, Alejandra Palacios Prieto, Paula Farani De Azevedo Silveira, Esteban Manuel Greco, Ricardo Riesco, Eric Lipman, Rima Alaily, Vandy M. Howell, John D. Harkrider, Alexander Okuliar, Mark J. Gidley, Miguel del Pino, Jonathan B. Baker 7th Annual Bill Kovacic Antitrust Salon

Annual Concurrences & George Washington University conference, with the support of Axinn, Cornerstone Research, CRA, Orrick, Von Wobeser y Sierra, White & Case, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, and MLex.

Alexey Ivanov, Cristiane Schmidt, Daniel Rubinfeld, Dennis Davis, Eleanor M. Fox, Frederic Jenny, George Paul, Gönenç Gürkaynak, Harry First, Ioannis Lianos, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Joseph Wilson, Kirti Gupta, Lawson A. W. Hunter, Nicholas Levy, Randolph Tritell, Roger Alford, Simon Roberts, Tembinkosi Bonakele, Xianlin Wang Antitrust and Developing & Emerging Economies

Annual Concurrences & NYU School of Law conference, with the support of Charles River Associates, Cleary Gottlieb, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Qualcomm, Ropes & Gray, White & Case (Panel Sponsors) and MLex and PaRR (Media Sponsors).

Alejandro Castañeda Sabido, Alvaro Ramos, Assimakis Komninos, Christopher Meyers, Daniel Rubinfeld, Dennis Davis, Dina Kallay, Eleanor M. Fox, Frederic Jenny, George Lipimile, Gönenç Gürkaynak, Harry First, Janusz A. Ordover, Jay Jurata, Jonathan Fried, Jonathan Nystrom, Pablo Trevisán, Randolph Tritell, Robert Ian McEwin, Sabine Chalmers, Susan Ning, Tembinkosi Bonakele, Vani Chetty, William E. Kovacic Competition and Globalization in Developing Economies

Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Baker & McKenzie, Compass Lexecon, ELIG - Attorneys-at-Law, Ernst & Young, King & Wood Mallesons, Orrick, Qualcomm and White & Case.

Books

Paul Lugard, Dave Anderson The International Competition Network at Twenty

The International Competition Network (ICN) is a unique phenomenon. As a virtual and informal network of competition enforcement agencies from around the world, it has in less than two decades become the single most authoritative platform in the field of international competition law and (...)

Nicolas Charbit, Sonia Ahmad Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum

Dr. Frédéric Jenny is the Renaissance man of competition policy. As an economist, scholar, judge and enforcer, he has helped transform the landscape of global competition enforcement. In the first volume of this Liber Amicorum, distinguished members of both Bar and Bench, as well as academics (...)

Frederic Jenny, Nicolas Charbit EU Competition Digest 2013

The purpose of this book is to compare and contrast EU competition case law with European Members States competition case law, and Members States competition case law with each other. To the best of our knowledge, no such a study had been carried out until today at this level, topic by topic, (...)

Chapters

Eleanor M. Fox Liber Amicorum - Antitrust Ambassador to the World Part V: Agency Actions: Mandate, Cooperation, and External Pressures
The Antitrust Agencies’ Successful System of International Cooperation Being Tested in the Digital Age

PART V Agency Actions: Mandate, Cooperation, and External Pressures 361 The Antitrust Agencies' Successful System of International Cooperation Being Tested in the Digital Age donald i. b aKer * Baker & Miller Abstract Antitrust enforcement agencies have strong incentives and ever more reasons (...)
François-Charles Laprévote Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum Volume II - Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust International Competition Policy Cooperation in Times of Trade Tension: A Proposal for EU Action

21 International Competition Policy Cooperation in Times of Trade Tension: A Proposal for EU Action François -C harles laPrévote *1 Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Abstract While years ago competition cases tended to be viewed mainly as national issues, most elements of competition law (...)
Robert D. Anderson Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum Volume II - Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust PART I - INSTITUTIONS
Realising the Potential Synergies Between International Trade and Competition Policy: Carrying Forward the Vision of Frederic Jenny

PART I Institutions 3 Realising the Potential Synergies Between International Trade and Competition Policy: Carrying Forward the Vision of Frédéric Jenny robert d. anderson *1 University of Nottingham Abstract From May 1997 through the end of 2004, I served as lead officer in the Secretariat (...)
Paula de Andrade Baqueiro, Paula Farani De Azevedo Silveira Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum Volume II - Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust Rekindling Convergence: The Digital Economy and the Need for a Coherent and Convergent Global Competition Law Enforcement

189 Rekindling Convergence: The Digital Economy and the Need for a Coherent and Convergent Global Competition Law Enforcement Paula F arani de azevedo silveira * and P aula de andrade baqueiro ** CADE Abstract The debate on convergence of competition laws worldwide has been strongly stimulated (...)
Kélig Bloret Dupuis, Rachel Brandenburger Women & Antitrust - Voices from the Field, Vol. II Part III: Lawyers
RACHEL BRANDENBURGER, Hogan Lovells / University Of Oxford
and KELIG BLORET-DUPUIS, Essilor

293 Part III Lawyers 295 Rachel Brandenburger Hogan Lovells / University of Oxford Kelig Bloret-Dupuis Rachel Brandenburger is recognised globally as a leader in her field. With over 30 years' experience in private practice and government, she provides strategic advice to the boards and (...)
Nathalie Jalabert-Doury Competition Inspections under EU Law - A Practitioner’s Guide Chapter 4 - European Competition Network Inspections
I. Implementation of Article 22 by-for the French Competition Authority (Inspections)

Competition Inspections under EU Law – N. Jalabert-Doury181 Chapter  4 European Competition Network  Inspections The European Competition Network (ECN) was created in  2004 comprising the European Commission and National Competition Authorities (NCAs) in ord\?fi?er to exchange information, (...)
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