Ciara Kalmus is Economic Director at Ofcom, the UK communications regulator. Ciara has over 10 years experience as an economist in competition policy and regulation. Prior to joining Ofcom in 2011, Ciara was a Principal af Compass Lexecon (formerly LECG) . In consultancy, Ciara worked on a variety of high profile competition cases including cartels, Article 102 investigations and mergers. Ciara was included in the Global Competition Review’s Who’s Who of Competition Economists, 2011. Ciara has an MA (class 1) from Oxford University and an MSc from the London School of Economics.
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Introduction In Europe, the competitive assessment of the tying and bundling practices of dominant companies has been hotly debated since the seminal Microsoft media player case. In 2004, the European Commission fined Microsoft for tying the sale of its Windows Media Player (WMP) with its (...)
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Summary On 18 September 2008 Lloyds TSB announced that it was to purchase HBOS, in a move that would create the UK’s largest retail bank . Although such a merger would normally cause serious competition concerns, the Government is reported to have assured Lloyds that the deal would not be (...)
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Summary The Competition Commission took almost two years to analyse the grocery market in the UK. This extensive investigation gives an insight into the purpose of Market Investigations under the Enterprise Act, and the ways in which they can complement more standard competition law. The (...)
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The United Kingdom railway regulator, the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR), has fined English, Welsh and Scottish Railway Limited (EWS) for predatory pricing and exclusionary behaviour. The ORR found that EWS, the largest freight train operator, abused its dominant position in the supply of (...)
2013 Competition Case Law Digest - A Synthesis of EU and National Leading Cases
